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1、Evaluation Warning: The document was created with Spire.Doc for .NET.赏析版20012年7月经济学学人文章（双双语对照）汇汇集20122.06.16TThe eetiquuettee of bribbery:贿亦有道道120122.06.30AA sweeet iidea620122.07.02SStoriies ffrom elseewherre 来自自他方的故故事920122.07.07TThe HHiggss bosson 希希格斯玻色色子1120122.07.07HHistoory iis neever justt h
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3、一窥现现代中国3020122.07.14SStealling steeel 德国国偷金属的的窃贼3220122.07.14CChoicce noot chhancee要自主选选择不要听听天由命3420122.07.14TThe AAmeriican econnomy Comeebackk kidd 美国经经济东山再再起3720122.07.14QQuanttitattive easiing: QE, or nnot QQE? 要要不要量化化宽松?4120122.07.18TThorvvaldssen MMuseuum 哥本本哈根托瓦瓦尔森博物物馆4820122.07.19NNew ffilm:
4、 Thhe Daark KKnighht Riises 黑暗暗骑士崛起起5520122.07.21TThe llong fighht 漫长长的战斗5720122.07.21RRogerr Payyne 罗罗杰佩恩6020122.07.24FFloodds inn Beiijingg 北京大大水6320122.07.27HHow tto reemembber KKoxinnga 如如何纪念国国姓爷6520122 07 28AAlasttair Burnnet 阿阿拉斯泰尔尔伯内特6820122.07.28TTeenaage ppregnnancyy少女怀孕孕 | 且不不谈幼稚之之事7020122
5、.07.28MMilittary techhnoloogy军事事科技7220122.07.28AAlivee andd welll 欣欣欣向荣7620122.06.16TThe eetiquuettee of bribbery:贿亦有道道【导读】：正如标题题所言，见见不得人的的贿赂也有有其自身的的一套准则则。本文将将为你解密密全球各地地不同文化化群体、不不同国家中中的贿赂潜潜规则。TThe eetiquuettee of bribbery贿贿亦有道HHow tto grreasee a ppalm行行贿指南Coorrupptionn hass itss ownn elaaboraate eet
6、iquuettee贿赂也有有它自身一一套复杂的的准则Deec 199th 22006 | frrom tthe pprintt ediitionnGIVEE peoople poweer annd diiscreetionn, annd whhetheer thhey aare ggrandd vizzierss or bordder gguardds, ssome willl usee theeir pposittion to eenricch thhemseelvess. Thhe prrobleem caan bee bigg enoough to hhold backk a ccoun
7、ttryss devveloppmentt. Onne sttudy has showwn thhat bbribees acccounnt foor 8% of the totaal coost oof ruunninng a busiinesss in Ugannda. Anotther founnd thhat ccorruuptioon booosteed thhe prrice of hhospiital supppliess in Buennos AAiress by 15%. Pauul Woolfowwitz, thee heaad off thee Worrld BBank,
8、 is devootingg speeciall efffortss durring his pressidenncy ttheree to a drrive agaiinst corrruptiion.一一旦掌权并并且拥有裁裁量自由，不不管是伊斯斯兰的大维维齐尔，还还是戍边士士兵，一些些人就会利利用职务之之便谋取私私利。这个个问题可能能严重到足足以阻碍一一个国家的的发展。一一项研究显显示，在乌乌干达从商商行贿花费费占到总费费用的8%。另一项项研究表明明，腐败将将布宜诺斯斯艾利斯的的医疗设备备的费用推推高了155%。现任任世界银行行行长保罗罗沃尔福威威茨（Paaul WWolfoowitzz）
9、正竭力力打击腐败败。Forr mosst peeoplee in the worlld, tthouggh, tthe wworryy is not thatt corrrupttion may sloww dowwn thheir counntrys GDDP grrowthh. Itt is thatt theeir ddailyy livves aare ppervaaded by eendleess hhasslles, big and smalll. AAnd ffor aall tthe eevideence thatt somme cuulturres ssuffeer ennd
10、emiic coorrupptionn whiile ootherrs arre reelatiivelyy cleean, attiitudees toowardds coorrupptionn, annd evven tthe llanguuage desccribiing bbribeery, is rremarrkablly siimilaar arroundd thee worrld.不不过对于世世界上大多多数人来说说，他们担担心的不是是腐败问题题可能会拉拉低国家GGDP的增增速，而是是自己日常常生活中会会碰到的大大大小小各各种不便。有证据表表明，相对对其他的一一些文化群群体来说，困
11、困扰某些文文化群体的的腐败问题题更为普遍遍；但全球球各地对待待腐败的态态度甚至用用来形容贿贿赂的语言言都极其相相似。Inn a ttestaamentt to mostt peooples baasic deceency, briibe-ttakerrs annd brribe-payeers hhave deveelopeed ann elaaboraate ttheattre oof diissimmulattion. Thiis iss nott jusst too avooid ddetecctionn. Evven iin coountrries wherre coorrupptio
12、nn is so ccommoon ass to be uunremmarkaable and unprroseccutabbleaand eeven whenn thee traansacctionn happpenss farr froom snnoopiing eeyesa brribe is aalmosst allwayss dreessedd up as ssome otheer kiind oof exxchannge. Thouugh mmost of tthe wworldd is plaggued by ccorruuptioon, eeven seriial ooffen
13、nderss tryy to concceal it.受受贿者与行行贿者已经经形成了一一套复杂的的掩饰方法法，这也证证明了大多多数人都为为人正派这这一事实。这不仅仅仅是为了避避免事情暴暴露。即便便是在那些些腐败横行行的国家，以以至于腐败败已经稀松松平常、不不会遭到起起诉，就算算是贿赂远远离监管者者的视线，人人们在行贿贿的时候几几乎都会假假装在进行行另外一种种交易。尽尽管全球大大部分地区区饱受腐败败困扰，但但那些经常常行贿的人人仍然试图图掩饰这一一行为。OOne mmaniffestaationn of thiss is lingguisttic. Surpprisiinglyy feww pe
14、oople say: “Yoou arre gooing to hhave to ppay mme iff youu wannt too gett thaat doone.” Inssteadd, thhey uuse aa widde vaarietty off eupphemiisms. Onee typpe iss quaasi-oofficcial termminollogy. Thee firrst bbribee paiid byy youur coorressponddent, in Ukraaine in 11998, wennt too twoo pollicemmen ss
15、o thhey wwouldd lett himm boaard aa traain lleaviing tthe ccounttry. On tthe ttrainn intto Ukkrainne, tthe ccustooms oofficcer hhad aabscoondedd witth a formm thaat iss neeeded agaiin laater to lleavee thee couuntryy. Thhe pooliceemen at tthe sstatiion kkindlly exxplaiined thatt theere wwas aa shttr
16、af, a “finee” thhat ccouldd be paidd inssteadd of prodducinng thhe doocumeent. The poliicemeen leet hiim offf wiith tthe mminimmum sshtraaf off 50 hryvvnia ($255).Annotheer teerm wwidelly ussed aat boorderr croossinngs iis “eexpedditinng feee”. For a euuphemmism it iis suurpriisinggly aaccurrate: pa
17、yying it wwill keepp youur baags, and perhaps your contraband, from being dumped onto a floor and sifted through at a leisurely pace. (A related term, used in India, is “speed money”: paying it can get essential business permits issued considerably faster.)这些掩饰行为的表现之一便是行贿语言。奇怪的是，很少有人会有说：“要想搞定那件事，你得给
18、我送钱！”相反，他们使用各种各样委婉的说法。一种是准官方的术语。笔者第一次行贿是在1998年的乌克兰，当时把钱送给了两个警察，这样笔者便能登上离开乌克兰的火车。而在开往乌克兰的火车上，海关官员还窃取了一个表格，日后离开这个国家的时候还用得上它。而车站的警察会很友善地解释，如果拿不出文档，就需要支付一笔名为shtraf（罚款）的费用。警察只收了最低的50格里夫尼亚（约25美元）就让笔者脱身了。另外一种在通关时较为广泛的说法是“快速通行费”。作为一种委婉语，这种说法相当准确：支付这笔费用，你不用上缴自己的包裹，甚至还可以拿回你偷运的东西。否则，你的包裹就会被扔到地上并受到严密检查，而检查的时间肯定
19、是他们说了算。（在印度使用的一个相关术语叫做“提速费”：支付这笔费用以后要获得那些必要的从商许可就会快得多）。Paul Lewis, an analyst with the Economist Intelligence Unit (a sister company to The Economist), describes the quasi-business terminology typically used for bribery in the post-communist privatisations of eastern Europe. A mostly useless but wel
20、l-connected insider at the company is hired as a “consultant”. The consultant is paid a large official “fee”, nominally for his industry expertise, on the understanding that he will cut in the minister and other decision-makers.保罗刘易斯（Paul Lewis）是经济学人智库（the Economist Intelligence Unit，本刊的姊妹公司）的一名分析师，
21、他描述了一套主要用于东欧后共产主义时代私有化行贿受贿活动中的准商业术语。实际上起不到什么作用但是在行贿目标公司内人脉很广的内线往往被聘为“顾问”。该顾问会得到很大一笔名为技术咨询费的正式“费用”，前提条件是他能与部长及其他决策者分享利润。A second type of euphemism dresses up a dodgy payment as a friendly favour done by the bribe-payer. There is plenty of creative scope. Nigerian policemen are known to ask for “a lit
22、tle something for the weekend”. A North African term is “un petit cadeau”, a little gift. Mexican traffic police will suggest that you buy them a refresco, a soft drink, as will Angolan and Mozambican petty officials, who call it a gazoso in Portuguese. A businessman in Iraq told Reuters that althou
23、gh corruption there is quite overt, officials still insist on being given a “good coffee”.Double meaning can help soothe the awkwardness of bribe-paying. Baksheesh, originally a Persian word now found in many countries of the Middle East, can mean “tip”, “alms” and “bribe”. Swahili-speakers can take
24、 advantage of another ambiguous term. In Kenya a machine-gun-wielding guard suggested to a terrified Canadian aid worker: “Perhaps you would like to discuss this over tea?” The young Canadian was relieved: the difficulty could be resolved with some chai, which means both “tea” and “bribe”.另外一种委婉的说法就
25、是行贿者把贿款称为朋友之间的赠礼以掩人耳目。而在这方面，出现了很多创新。比较有名的是尼日利亚的警察，他们会因为“周末需要些钱花”而向你索贿。在北非，这叫做“un petit cadeau”，意思是“一份小礼物”。而墨西哥的交警则会让你给他买一杯名为“refresco”的软饮料，安哥拉及莫桑比克的那些小官员也会这么说，只不过他们提到的软饮料叫“gazoso”（葡萄牙语的叫法）罢了。一位在伊拉克经商的商人告诉路透社的记者，尽管该国的贿赂现象相当公开，官员们仍然坚持说他们只需要对方给自己买一杯“好咖啡”而已。一语双关有助于缓和行贿过程中的尴尬气氛。Baksheesh原来只是一个波斯词语，现在许多中东
26、国家都有这种说法，这个词有 “小费”、“救济金”、“贿赂”的意思。说斯瓦希里语的人则可以利用另外一个双关词。在肯尼亚，手持机枪的士兵会对吓坏了的加拿大救援人员这么说：我们是不是应该去喝杯茶，谈谈这个问题？听到这些，这名年轻的加拿大人就松了一口气：原来问题可以通过chai来解决。而chai就是“茶”或者“贿款”的意思。Brown envelopes棕色信封Along with the obscurantist language, bribe-taking culture around the world often involves the avoidance of physically han
27、ding the money from one person to another. One obvious reason is to avoid detection, which is why bribes are known as “envelopes” in countries from China to Greece. But avoidance of a direct hand-over is common even where there is no chance of detection. There will always be some officials who will
28、take money right from a bribe-payers hands, but most seem to prefer to find some way to hide the money from view. A bribe to a border guard may be folded into a passport. A sweetener to a traffic cop is often placed in the ticket-book that is handed to the driver. Parag Khanna, who is writing a book
29、 about countries on the edge of the rich world that are trying to get rich themselves, describes a bribe-taker he spotted in Georgia who he was sure was a rookie. Why? The scrawny young soldier, forgoing any subtleties, merely rubbed his fingers together in an age-old gesture.除了有意隐晦的语言之外，全球各地的贿赂现象中，
30、行贿者常常会避免直接将钱送到受贿者手中。很明显，这是为了避免被发现。从中国到希腊，行贿的钱都被称为“信封”。即便肯定不会被发现，行贿者也会尽量避免这么做。不过，总会有一些官员会直接接受行贿者送来的钱，但大多数受贿者似乎都更愿意想一些办法来掩饰。向边境士兵行贿的钱可能会被夹在护照里面。如果是交警的话，司机往往需要把钱放在递过来的罚单本中。帕拉格卡纳（Parag Khanna）正在写一本书，书的内容是关于那些即将进入发达国家行列同时也在努力实现这个目标的国家。他描写了自己在格鲁吉亚看到的一个索贿者，作者确定这是个新手。为什么这么说？因为这位消瘦的年轻士兵毫不掩饰，只是非常老套地搓动自己的手指头。J
31、ournalists are an obvious target for bribe-seekers. They often find themselves trying to get past bored, poorly paid guards and officials to see someone or something more important. Moreover, they are often foreignersand around the world white faces, foreign passports, foreign car number plates and
32、a few other distinguishing features are like blood in the water for those seeking a pay-off.对于那些索贿者来说，记者是个很明显的目标。记者们经常碰到这种情况：要见到一些重要人物或者报道一些更为重要的事实的时候，要通过那些烦人的、收入不多的卫兵那一关就很困难。而且，记者往往还是外国人；在全球各地都一样，白种人、外国护照、外国车牌照及另外一些明显的特征对于索贿者来说就像水中的血一样容易辨认。A journalist for a Western newspaper in Moscow was running
33、late for an important meeting at the Kremlin for which he had waited a long while. On his way he was stopped by the traffic police for some real or invented infraction. In a hurry, the reporter negotiated a modest bribebut found he had nothing smaller than a 1,000 rouble ($30) note in his wallet. In
34、spired by desperation, he agreed to pay 1,000 roubles in exchange for a ride to the Kremlin in the police car, with sirens blaring, to make sure he would be on time. The policeman tried to hold out for 1,500 roubles, but the steely nerved journalist got his ride for his offer price.西方某报纸驻莫斯科的记者正在赶去参
35、加一个在克里姆林宫举行的重要会议，他马上就要迟到了，而为了这个参加会议他已经等了好长时间。在路上他被交警拦住了，可能是因为他真的违章了，或者是交警故意刁难他。匆忙之中，记者与交警达成了协议，结果发现他钱包里面没有比1000卢布（约30美元）面值更小的钞票了。急中生智，他同意付给交警1000卢布，不过他让交警鸣着警笛开车一路送他到会议现场，这样他就可以确保准时赶到。这位交警曾要价1500卢布，不过记者却坚持只给1000卢布，最后他们达成了协议。Inappropriate gifts不该接受的礼物Journalists can be on the receiving end of bribes,
36、too, to ensure favourable coverage. A former Africa correspondent for The Economist says that in Nigeria, one of the worlds most corrupt countries, journalists are given hundreds of dollars in brown envelopes “for expenses” simply to attend press conferences. An ocean away, Armstrong Williams, an Am
37、erican columnist and television host, was paid $240,000 by the Department of Education to comment “regularly” on “No Child Left Behind”, an education-reform bill. He claimed that he was not a “journalist” but a “commentator”, but conceded that the deal had been ill-judged. Similarly, Maggie Gallaghe
38、r, another conservative columnist, was paid to promote the Bush administrations “healthy marriage” programme. When challenged, she asked, “Did I violate journalistic ethics by not disclosing the contract? I dont know. You tell me.”记者也可能是受贿方，行贿方希望他们作出有偏向性的报道。一位曾为本刊工作的驻非洲记者说，在尼日利亚这个全球腐败最严重国家，记者会收到装在棕色
39、信封里面的数百美金，而且这些钱只是他们参加记者招待会的“开销”。而在大洋彼岸的美国，阿姆斯壮威廉斯（Armstrong Williams）是一位专栏作家，同时也是电视节目主持人。教育部向其支付了24万美元，让他“定期”评论一个孩子也不能落下这项教育改革法案。他声称自己并不是“记者”，而是一个“评论员”；但是他自己也承认，他与教育部达成的那项协议有欠考虑。玛吉加拉格尔（Maggie Gallagher）是一位保守主义专栏作家，为了让她支持布什政府的“健康婚姻”计划，有人同样也给她送了好处费。当她因为这个问题受到质疑时，她答道：“我没有公开这份合同，但是这违反记者职业道德吗？我不知道，你倒是说说看
40、这究竟违不违反职业道德”The Economist lays down clear rules for its journalists. An envelope stuffed with cash, much less a $240,000 contract, would be inappropriate. Any gift, says the policy, must be consumable in a single day. So a bottle of wine is acceptable, a case of wine is not.本刊为自己的记者制定了明确的准则。接受装有现金的信
41、封属于不当行为，更不用说与行贿方达成24万美元的协议了。本刊的记者行为准则规定：接受的任何礼物必须能够在一天之内消费完毕。因此，一瓶酒是可以接受的，而一箱酒就不行了。Rich Westerners may not think of their societies as plagued by corruption. But the definition of bribery clearly differs from person to person. A New Yorker might pity the third-world businessman who must pay bribes j
42、ust to keep his shop open. But the same New Yorker would not think twice about slipping the matre d $50 to sneak into a nice restaurant without a reservation. Poor people the world over are most infuriated by the casual corruption of the elites rather than by the underpaid, “tip”-seeking soldier or
43、functionary.富有的西方民众可能觉得他们的社会受到腐败的影响没有那么严重。但是，不同的人对于贿赂的定义也有很大差别。一个纽约市市民看到第三世界的商人必须行贿才能保证自己的商店正常营业时，他可能会同情。但就是他自己，他并不认为在未预定的情况下为了进入一家高级饭店而偷偷塞给领班50美元算是行贿。和那些索要“小费”、收入微薄的士兵及政府的底层工作人员相比，并不缺钱的精英阶层腐败让世界各地的穷人最为恼火。Indeed, in the worlds richest economy, what many see as simple bribery is an integral part of l
44、awmaking. In Washington, DC, it is accepted that a lobbyists generous campaign contribution to a crucial congressman may help to steer some spending to the lobbyists client.事实上，在美国这个全球最富裕的经济体中，许多人认为立法必不可少的一个组成部分就是行贿。在华盛顿特区，如果一位关键的国会议员可能帮助制定一些政策将政府支出导向说客的客户的话，那么说客向这位议员提供大量竞选资金是可以接受的。But proving corru
45、ption requires proving the intent to exchange one favour for another. Brent Wilkes, named as a co-conspirator in the bribery case of a Californian congressman, told the New York Times about a lesson he was taught early in his lobbying career: a cheque must never be handed over at the same time as a
46、lobbying pitch is made. Much better to wait and do it in a hallway later. Proving intent in a courtroom is famously hard to do, so few such exchanges result in convictions. But many ordinary Americans are aware of what is going on. No surprise, then, that Congress is, by some measures, the least pop
47、ular branch of government.但是，要证明两者存在贿赂关系需要证明行贿者有意以利换利。布伦特-威尔克斯（Brent Wilkes）曾被指控为向一位加州国会议员贿赂的同谋之一，他跟纽约时报讲述了自己早期游说生涯的学到的一条经验：支票绝对不能在游说的时候交到受贿者手中。等过一会儿之后在走廊交给他要好得多。要在法庭上证明行贿者的行贿意图相当困难，因此很少有人因为这种利益交换而被定罪。但许多普通美国民众都心知肚明。因此，从某种意义上来说，国会是民众支持率最低的一个政府机构并不奇怪。Yet corrupt practices in America and western Europ
48、e are nothing like as pervasive as in other parts of the world. There is no single cultural factor that inclines a society towards corruption, but economic factors play a big part. Most clearly, poverty and bribery go together.然而，腐败在美国和西欧远不及世界其他地方那么普遍。没有哪个单一的文化因素会导致社会中滋生腐败，而经济因素则起着更大的作用。最明显是，贫穷与贿赂总是如影随形。But which causes which? Mr Wolfowitzs crusade at the World Bank is based on the idea that corrupt countries fail to develop. But several c