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1、外语教学与研究出版社当代研究生英语读写教程上课件Unit4TextAppt课件 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望外语教学与研究出版社ContentWarming-upWarming-upReadingReadingWritingWritingTextATextATextBTextBBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Lead-in questionsn2.Indian Iraqn Jordann Kuwaitn Yemenn Libyan Nigeri
2、an Philippinesn Singaporen Sudann Tanzanian UgandaBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Lead-in questionsnBritishEnglishnaeroplanenbooking officencaratnChristian namenexhaust pipentrousersnqueuenrailway stationnmotorwaynground floornAmericanEnglishnairplanenticket officenkaratngiven namentailpipenpants,slacksnlinentrain
3、 stationnfreeway,expresswaynfirst floorBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Lead-in questionsnBritishEnglishnmixed schoolngraduationnliftnfinancial yearnfish mongernprimary schoolntimbernsingle ticketnreturn ticketncompulsory subjectnpost-graduate studentnlorry,vannholidaynAmericanEnglishnco-education schoolncommenceme
4、ntnelevatornfiscal yearnfish dealernelementary schoolnlumbernone-way ticketnround-trip ticketnrequired subjectngraduate studentntrucknvacationBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Questions:1)Which kind of English are you studying now,American English or British English?What are the differences between them?2)In which a
5、spests does American English attracts you?Through what channels does American English spread to the rest of the world?Offer some examples.3)Chinese is increasingly popular outside China,do you see any possibility that Chinese will become the most prevailing language throughout the world in the futur
6、e?Why/why not?Group discussion BookOne外语教学与研究出版社 THE FUTURE OF ENGLISHH.L.MenckenBookOne外语教学与研究出版社ReadingText ATextStudyTextStudyMainIdea&StructureMainIdea&StructureSentenceAnalysisSentenceAnalysisLanguagePointsLanguagePointsUsefulExpressionsUsefulExpressionsTextTranslationTextTranslationBookOne外语教学
7、与研究出版社 Main Idea and StructurenFirstreading:Scanthetextandtrytocatchthemainidea.The following words are for your reference toorganizetheidea:English most prevailing succinctness and simplicity American English resisted developing conquernSecondreading:readthepassageagainandtrytoidentifythestructureo
8、fthispassage.For your referenceFor your referenceBookOne外语教学与研究出版社English is the most prevailing language throughout the world and wins by its succinctness and simplicity.Though resisted by the English,American English is developing and surpassing British English,and it will eventually conquer the w
9、orld.MainIdeaBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Structure Para.4-7Main idea:English is the most prevailing language and its worldwide spread is due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking people.Mainidea:English wins by its advantages in vocabulary,pronunciation and arrangment.Its succinctness and sim
10、plicity are especially attractive to foreigners.Mainidea:Though resisted by the English,American English is developing fast.Its reasonable to predict that American English will eventually conquer the world.Para.8-14Para.1-3BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Text StudyBookOne外语教学与研究出版社n1Inthemiddleofthesixteenthcentur
11、y,Englishwasspokenbybetweenfourandfivemillionsofpeople,andstoodfifthamongtheEuropeanlanguages,withFrench,German,Italian,andSpanishaheadofitinthatorder,andRussianfollowing.Twohundredyearslater,ItalianhaddroppedbehindbutRussianhadgoneahead,sothatEnglishwasstillinfifthplace.BytheendoftheEighteenthCentu
12、ryEnglishbegantomoveforward,andbythemiddleofthenineteenthithadforceditswayintofirstplace.TodayitissofarintheleadthatitisprobablyspokenbyasmanypeopleasthenexttwolanguagesRussianandGermancombined.n2Howmanypeoplespeakittoday?Itishardtoanswer.BesidesthosetowhomEnglishistheirnativetongue,therearepeoplewh
13、o,thoughborntosomeotherlanguage,liveinEnglish-speakingcommunitiesandspeakEnglishintheirdailybusiness.Moreimportantly,Englishisnowspokenasaforeignlanguagethroughouttheworldveryoften,tobesure,badly,butneverthelessunderstandably.Ithasbecomeaplatitudethatonemaygoalmostanywherewithnootherlinguisticequipm
14、entandgetonalmostaswellasinNewYork.Para.1-2BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.3-4n3Inpart,ofcourse,itsspreadhasbeenduetotheextraordinarydispersionoftheEnglish-speakingpeoples.Theyhavebeenthegreatesttravelersofmoderntimes,andthemostadventurousmerchants,andthemostassiduouscolonists.Moreover,theyhavebeen,onthewhole
15、,poorlinguists,andsotheyhavedraggedtheirlanguagewiththem,andforcedituponthehumanrace.n4Butthereismoretothematterthanthis.English,broughttoclosequarterswithformidablerivals,haswonveryoften,notbyforceofnumbers,butbythesheerweightofitsmerit.“Inwealth,wisdom,andstricteconomy,”saidtheeminentJakobGrimmace
16、nturyago,“noneoftheotherlivinglanguagescanviewithit.”TowhichtheeminentOttoJespersenwasaddingonlytheotherday:Englishissimple,ithasclearsounds,itpacksitswordscloselytogether,itislogicalintheirarrangement,anditisfreefromallpedanticflubdub.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.5-6n5WhenAmericanpedagoguesspeakofthevirtu
17、esofEnglishtheyalmostalwaysbeginbyhymningitsenormousvocabulary,whichisatleasttwiceaslargeasthatofanyotherlanguage.Butthisisnotwhatenchantstheforeigner;onthecontrary,thevastreachesofthevocabularynaturallyalarmhim.Thethingthatreallywinshimisthesuccinctnessandsimplicityofthelanguage.Weuse,forallourstor
18、eofLatinpolysyllables,agreatmanymoreshortwordsthanlongones,andwearealwaystryingtomakethelongonesshort.Whatwasoncepuniligrionisnowpun;whatwasgasolineonlyyesterdayisalreadygas.NootherEuropeanlanguagehassomanythree-letterwords,norsomanyfour-wordsayings.“Firstcome,firstserved”thatistypicallyEnglish,fori
19、tisbold,plain,andshort.n6TheEnglishpsychologist,Dr.Ogdenbelieves,indeed,that850wordsaresufficientforallordinarypurposes,andhehasdevisedaformofsimplifiedEnglish,calledbyhimBasic,whichusesnomore.Ofhis850wordsnolessthan600arethenamesofthings,whichleavesonly250forthenamesofqualitiesandactions,andforallt
20、helinguistichooksandeyesthatholdsentencestogether.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.7-8n7Doesthisseemtoofew?ThenitisonlytothosewhohaveforgottenoneoftheprimecharacteristicsofEnglishitscapacityforgettinganinfinityofmeaningsoutofasinglewordbycombiningitwithsimplemodifiers.Consider,forexample,thedifferencebetweenth
21、everbstoget.Togetgoing,togetby,togetonto,togetwise,togetoff,togetaheadof,andtogetover.Dr.Ogdenproposestoridthelanguageofagreatmanyverbssomeofthemirregular,andhencedifficultbysubstitutingsuchcompoundsforthem.Why,forexample,shouldaforeignerbetaughttosaythathehasdisembarkedfromaship?Isntitsufficientfor
22、himtosaythathehasgotoff?Andwhyshouldhebetaughttosaythathehasrecoveredfromtheflu,orescapedthepolice,orobtainedajob?Isntitenoughtosaythathehasgotoverthefirst,gotawayfromthesecond,andsimplygotthethird?n8ButasEnglishspreads,willitbeabletomaintainitspresentform?Probablynot.Butwhyshouldit?Everysuccessfule
23、ffortatstandardizationseldomsucceeds.TheschoolmaamhasbeentryingsincetheRevolutiontobringAmericanEnglishtoherrules,butitgoesonsprouting,anditwilleventuallyconquertheEnglishofEngland.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.9-10n9Thisguessindeedisrathertooeasytobequitesporting.EnglishhasbeenyieldingtoAmericanforfiftyyea
24、rspast,andsincetheturnofthecenturyithasbeenyieldingataconstantlyacceleratedrate.Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnowoverwhelminglyeastward.WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphraseanymore,thoughweusedtoborrowmany;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.The
25、Americanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereareunquestionablydeepercausestoo.Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.Alltheprocessesofword-formationthatwereinoperationinShakespearesEnglandarestill
26、inoperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthathewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.n10TheEnglish,fromtheAgeofAnneonward,haveresistedthemarchofAmericanwithamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignationindignation,albeitwithsteadilydecreasinge
27、ffectiveness.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.11-12n11TheEnglishtravelerswhobegantoswarminAmericaafter1800gavewillingaidinthisbenignwork,andscarcelyoneofthemfailedtorecordhishorroroverthenewAmericanwordsthatheencountered,andtheunfamiliarAmericanpronunciation.CaptainBasilHall,whowasherein1827and1828,wenttothele
28、ngthofmakingacalluponNoahWebster,thenover70yearsofage,tolodgehisprotest.“Surely,”hesaid,“suchinnovationsaretobedeprecated.”“Idontknowthat,”repliedWebsterstoutly.“IfawordbecomesuniversallycurrentinAmerica,whyshoulditnottakeitsstationinthelanguage?”“Because,”answeredHall,withamagnificentresorttoBritis
29、hcomplacency,“therearewordsenoughalready.”n12Thishostilitycontinuesintoourownday.AtregularintervalsintervalstheLondondailiesandweekliesbreakbreakintosonorouscomplaintsagainsttheAmericaninvasion.EventherelativelycautiousandplainlyusefulsimplicitiesofAmericanspelling(asinthe-orwords,BookOne外语教学与研究出版社f
30、orexample)aresometimesdenouncedwithgreatrancor.ButitisreallytoolatefortheEnglishtoguardthepurityoftheirnativetongue,forsomanyAmericanismshavealreadygotintoitthat,onsomelevelsatleast,itisnowalmostanAmericandialect.TherearehundredsofthemindailyuseinEngland,andmanyhavebecomesofamiliarthatanEnglishman,o
31、nbeingchallengedforusingthem,willcommonlyarguethattheyareactuallyEnglish.n13ThereareEnglishmenwhobelievethatthetimehascometocompromisewiththeinvasion,andeventowelcomeit.Thefatherofthispro-AmericanpartyseemstohavebeenthelateWilliamArcher,whowassayingsolongagoas1899thatAmericanshadenormouslyenrichedth
32、elanguage,notonlywithnewwords,butwithaptaptandluminouscolloquialmetaphors.ThelateDr.RobertBridges,PoetLaureatefrom1913untilhisdeathin1930,wasoflikemindwithArcher.Para.12-13BookOne外语教学与研究出版社n14IturntoDr.Ogdenslistoffifty“international”nounsfortheBasicvocabulary,andfindthatnolessthannineofthemareAmeri
33、can,notEnglish.IturntoProfessorIchikawaslistofEnglishwordsthathavebeentakenintoJapanese,andAmericanismsbristlefromeverypage.Plainlyenough,theconquestoftheworldbyEnglish,ifitevercomesoff,willreallybeaconquestbyAmerican.Para.14BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Sentence AnalysisBookOne外语教学与研究出版社1.English,broughttoclose
34、quarterswithformidablerivals,haswonveryoften,notbyforceofnumbers,butbythesheerweightofitsmerit.(Para.4,Line 1-2)bringtoclosequarterswith:bringintocontactwithformidable:difficulttodefeatformidablerivals:劲敌merit:aqualitydeservingpraiseorapprovalParaphrase:WhenEnglishhadtocompetewithotherlanguages(like
35、FrenchandGerman)whichwerealsoverystrong,ithadveryoftenwon,anditsvictorywasnotbecauseithadagreaternumberofspeakers,butbecauseithadgreatadvantagesoverotherlanguages.Translation：英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为其优点。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社2.WhenAmericanpedagoguesspeakofthevirtuesofEnglishtheyalmostalwaysbeginby
36、hymningitsenormousvocabulary(Para.5,Line 1-2)Pedagogue:aschoolteacher,aneducatorvirtue:aparticularlygoodqualityhymn:topraise,glorify,orworshipinorasifinahymnParaphrase:WhenAmericaneducatorsspeakoftheadvantagesofEnglish,theyalmostalwaysbeginbyspeakinghighlyofitsenormousvocabulary.Translation：当美国的教育工作
37、者谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是以赞美其词汇量之庞大为开头。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社3.Butthisisnotwhatenchantstheforeigner;onthecontrary,thevastreachesofthevocabularynaturallyalarmhim.(Para.5,Line 3-4)enchant:toattractanddelightreaches:theextentordistancesomethingcanreach;scopealarm:tofillwithalarm;frightenParaphrase:Butthelargesizeofthe
38、vocabularyofEnglishisnotwhattheforeignerisreallyinterestedin;onthecontrary,thegreatvarietyofmeaningsandimplicationsfrightenhim.Translation：然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社4.TheEnglish,fromtheAgeofAnneonward,haveresistedthemarchofAmericanwithamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoral
39、indignation,albeitwithsteadilydecreasingeffectiveness.(Para.10)indignation:angerarousedbysomethingunjust,mean,orunworthyalbeit:although“withamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignation”isaadverbialclauseofresult(方式状语从句);“withsteadilydecreasingeffectiveness.”isadverbialclauseofmanner(结果状语从句).Pa
40、raphrase:FromtheAgeofAnneuptonow,theEnglishpeoplehavebeenagainstthedevelopmentofAmericanEnglishwithamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignation,althoughtheirresistancehasbeenlessandlesseffective.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Translation：自安妮时代以来，英国人就以一种带有爱国者的警惕和义愤的复杂心情，来拒绝美语的进入，尽管效果在日渐下降。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社5.
41、AtregularintervalstheLondondailiesandweekliesbreakintosonorouscomplaintsagainsttheAmericaninvasion.(Para.12,Line 1-2)atregularintervals:regularly,onceinaspecificperiodoftimeatintervals:fromtimetotimesonorous:havingorproducingafull,deep,orrichsoundParaphrase:FromtimetotimetheLondonnewspapersandweekly
42、magazinespublisharticlestocomplainvigorouslyagainsttheAmericanismsintheEnglishlanguage.Translation：每隔一段时间，伦敦的日报和周报便对美语侵入提出大声抗议。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社6.whowassayingsolongagoas1899thatAmericanshadenormouslyenrichedthelanguage,notonlywithnewwords,butwithaptandluminouscolloquialmetaphors.(Para.13,Line 3-4)en
43、rich:tomakefuller,moremeaningful,ormorerewardingapt:exactlysuitable;appropriateluminous:easilycomprehended;clearColloquial:characteristicofthespokenlanguageParaphrase:Hesaidin1899thatAmericanshadgreatlyenrichedthelanguagebyintroducingnewwordsaswellasappropriateandclearmetaphorswiththefeaturesofspoke
44、nlanguage.Translation：他早在1899年就说过，美国用语大大丰富了英语语言，不仅为英语增加了新词，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、带有口语特色的比喻用法。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Language PointsBookOne外语教学与研究出版社vi.to(causeto)movefaster(使)加快，加速反义词deceleratee.g.Thecaracceleratedasitovertookme.那辆汽车一加速就超越了我。Theleaderislosinggroundastherestoftherunnersaccelerate.领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐
45、渐失去了优势。vt.fmltocausetohappenfasterorearlierthanexpected(正式)使加快，促进，提前e.g.Chinaisacceleratingitseconomicdevelopment.中国的经济发展速度正在加快。toacceleratetheeducationalsystemreform加快教育体制改革acceleratedpromotion提前晋升accelerateBookOne外语教学与研究出版社aptadj.havinganaturalorhabitualtendencytodosomething;likely有.倾向的，易于的近义beinc
46、linedto/tendtoe.g.Thiskindofshoeisapttosliponwetground.这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑。Itsapttorainthisafternoon.今天下午可能下雨。adj.exactlysuitable;pertinent适当的，恰当的e.g.anaptremark适当的话例题例题:Thewordswereall_andwellchosen.A.suitableB.appropriateC.aptD.fitC.aptBookOne外语教学与研究出版社benignadj.kindandgentle慈祥的，和蔼的，亲切的，温和的e.g.abenignnatu
47、re/smile和善的性情/微笑ThebenignweatherbroughtNorthAmericaabumpercrop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。adj.med(ofadisease)notdangeroustolife;notmalignant(医)疾病无致命危险的，非恶性的，良性的e.g.abenigntumor良性肿瘤Abenigntumourwillnotcauseyouanyfatalharm.良性肿瘤不会对你有致命的伤害。例题：例题：Thisisa_tumour,soyoudonthavetobeworriedaboutit.A.goodB.kingC.benevolent
48、D.benignC.benevolentBookOne外语教学与研究出版社bristlen.shortstiffhair短而硬的毛发e.g.Hischinwascoveredwithbristles.他的下巴长满了胡子茬。v.(hairorfur)tostandupstiffly(e.g.becauseofanger,distrust,etc.)（因愤怒等原因而毛发）竖立，硬挺;（比喻义）怒发冲冠e.g.Thedogshairbristled(up)whenthevisitorscametothedoor.访者走近大门时,那条狗的毛都竖起来了。Theybristled(withanger)at
49、hisdenigratingdescriptionoftheiractivities.听到他在污蔑他们的活动，他们都怒发冲冠。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社bristlewithsth:tohaveplentyof(somethingespeciallyunpleasantorunattractive);befullof到处都是，尤指不愉快的事e.g.Thestreetbristlewitharmedguardsafterthelatestterroristattack.最近一次恐怖分子攻击后，街道上武装警卫遍布。例题：例题：Paintbrushesareusuallymadeofpigs
50、_.A.furB.bristleC.woolD.featherB.bristleBookOne外语教学与研究出版社complacentadj.pleasedorsatisfiedwithasituation,oftenunreasonably;notworrying,eventhoughoneperhapsshouldbe自满，自鸣得意(placency)e.g.acomplacentsmile洋洋自得的微笑Hehadbecomecomplacentafteryearsofsuccess.成功多年后他变得自我满足起来。Aftersomanywinswegrewcomplacentandthou