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1、外语教学与研究出版社当代研究生英语读写教程上课件Unit5TextAppt课件 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望外语教学与研究出版社ContentWarming-upWarming-upReadingReadingWritingWritingTextATextATextBTextBBookOne外语教学与研究出版社TheuniverseintelescopeGrainsofsaltinmicroscopeBookOne外语教学与研究出版社 Quest
2、ions:1)Doyouknowaboutanyphysicalscientist?HowaboutAlbertEinstein andhisTheory of Relativity,andStephenWilliamHawkingandhisA brief History of Time?2)Doyouthinktheuniverseisknowableandscienceistheonlywaytoexporetherules?3)Inyouropinionwhatisthevalueofsciencefiction?Haveyouwatchedanysciencefictionmovie
3、recently?Sharethestorywithyourgroupmembers.Group discussion BookOne外语教学与研究出版社 CAN WE KNOW THE UNIVERSE?REFLECTIONS ON A GRAIN OF SALTCarlSaganBookOne外语教学与研究出版社ReadingText ATextStudyTextStudyMainIdea&StructureMainIdea&StructureSentenceAnalysisSentenceAnalysisLanguagePointsLanguagePointsUsefulExpressi
4、onsUsefulExpressionsTextTranslationTextTranslationBookOne外语教学与研究出版社 Main Idea and StructurenFirstreading:Scanthetextandtrytocatchthemainidea.The following words are for your reference toorganizetheidea:science,way of thinking,the universe,intractable,salt,knowable,rules,governs,the search of rulesnS
5、econdreading:readthepassageagainandtrytoidentifythestructureofthispassage.For your referenceFor your referenceBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Science is a way of thinking and it aims at finding out how the world works.The universe is intractable,and even a grain of salt is very complicated and contains lots of inf
6、ormation.But they are knowable.Human being has the capacity to understand the rules that governs the universe.And the search of rules and the only possible way to understand the universe is called science.MainIdeaBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Structure Para.4-7Main idea:Science is a way of thinking and aims at f
7、inding out how the world works,A scientific mindis to think aboutthe phenomena ofthe world andto examine it critically.Mainidea:The universe is intractable.While human brains has limited information-carrying capacity.In this sense,we cannot understand a grain of salt,much less than the universe.Main
8、idea:In some sense,the universe is knowable.Human beings are capable of understanding the rules that governs the universe,Para.8-9Para.1-3Mainidea:The universe is complex.The search of rules and the only possible way to understand the universe is called science.Para.10-11BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Text StudyB
9、ookOne外语教学与研究出版社n1Scienceisawayofthinkingmuchmorethanitisabodyofknowledge.Itsgoalistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconnectionsofthingsfromsubnuclearparticles,whichmaybetheconstituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmos
10、asawhole.Ourintuitionisby no meansby no meansaninfallibleguide.Ourperceptionsmaybe distorted distortedbytrainingandprejudiceormerelybecauseofthelimitationsofthephenomenaoftheworld.Evensostraightforwardaquestionaswhetherintheabsenceoffrictionapoundofleadfallsfasterthanagramoffluffwasansweredincorrect
11、lybyAristotleandalmosteveryoneelsebeforethetimeofGalileo.Scienceisbasedonexperiment,onawillingnesstochallengeolddogma,onanopennesstoseetheuniverseasitreallyis.Accordingly,sciencesometimesrequirescourageattheveryleastthecouragetoquestiontheconventionalwisdom.Para.1BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.2n2 Beyond thi
12、s the main trick of science is to really think ofsomething:the shape of clouds and their occasional sharp bottomedgesatthesamealtitudeeverywhereinthesky;theformationofadewdroponaleaf;theoriginofanameorawordShakespeare,say,or“philanthropic”;the reason for human social customsthe incesttaboo,forexampl
13、e;howitisthatalensinsunlightcanmakepaperburn;howa“walkingstick”gottolooksomuchlikeatwig;whytheMoonseemstofollowusaswewalk;whatpreventsusfromdiggingaholedowntothecenteroftheEarth;whatthedefinitionisof“down”onasphericalearth;howisitpossibleforthebodytoconvertconvertyesterdayslunch into todays muscle a
14、nd sinew;or how far is updoes theuniversegoonforever,orifitdoesnot,isthereanymeaningtothequestionofwhatliesontheotherside?Someofthesequestionsareprettyeasy.Others,especiallythelast,aremysteriestowhichnooneeven today knows the answer.They are natural questions to ask.Everyculturehasposedsuchquestions
15、inonewayoranother.Almostalwaystheproposedanswersarein in the the nature nature ofof“JustSoStories”,attemptedexplanationsdivorcedfromexperiment,orevenfromcarefulcomparativeobservations.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.3-4n3Butthescientificcastofmindexaminestheworldcriticallyasifmanyalternativeworldsmightexist,a
16、sifotherthingsmightbeherewhich are not.Then we are forced to ask why what we see ispresentandnotsomethingelse.WhyaretheSunandtheMoonandtheplanetsspheres?Whynotpyramids,orcubes,ordodecahedra?Why not irregular,jumbly shapes?Why so symmetrical,theseworlds?Ifyouspendanytimespinninghypotheses,checkingtos
17、eewhethertheymakesense,whethertheyconformconformtowhatelseweknow,thinkingoftestsyoucanposetosubstantiateordeflatedeflateyourhypotheses,hypotheses,youwillfindyourselfdoingscience.Andasyoucometopracticethishabitofthoughtmoreandmoreyouwillgetbetterandbetteratit.Topenetrateintotheheartofthethingevenalit
18、tlething,abladeofgrass,asWaltWhitmansaidistoexperienceakind ofexhilaration that,it may be,only human beings ofall thebeingsonthisplanetcanfeel.Weareanintelligentspeciesandtheuse of our intelligence quite properly gives us pleasure.In thisrespectthebrainislikeamuscle.Whenwethinkwell,wefeelgood.Unders
19、tandingisofecstasy.n4Buttowhatextentcanwereallyknowtheuniversearoundus?Sometimesthisquestionisposedbypeoplewhohopetheanswerwillbeinthenegative,whoarefearfulofauniverseinwhichBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.4-5everythingmightonedaybeknown.Andsometimeswehearpronouncementsfromscientistswhoconfidentlystatethateve
20、rythingworthknowingwillsoonbeknownorevenisalreadyknownandwhopaintpicturesofaDionysianorPolynesianageinwhichthezestforintellectualdiscoveryhaswithered,tobereplacedbyakindofsubduedsubduedlanguor,thelotus-eatersdrinkingfermentedcoconutmilkorsomeothermildhallucinogen.n5Letusapproachamuchmoremodestquesti
21、on:notwhetherwecanknowtheuniverseortheMilkyWayGalaxyorastaroraworld.Canweknow,ultimatelyandindetail,agrainofsalt?Consideronemicrogramoftablesalt,aspeckjustbarelylargeenoughforsomeonewithkeeneyesighttomake outmake outwithoutamicroscope.Inthatgrainofsaltthereareabout1016sodiumandchlorineatoms.Thisisa1
22、followedby16zeros,10millionbillionatoms.Ifwewishtoknowagrainofsalt,wemustknowatleastthethree-dimensionalpositionsofeachoftheseatoms.(Infact,thereismuchmoretobeknownforexample,thenatureoftheforcesbetweentheatomsbutwearemakingonlyamodestcalculation.)Now,isthisnumbermoreorlessthanthenumberofthingswhich
23、thebraincanknow?BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.6-8n6Howmuchcanthebrainknow?Thereareperhaps1011neuronsinthebrain,thecircuitelementsandswitchesthatareresponsibleintheirelectricalandchemicalactivityforthefunctioningofourminds.Atypicalbrainneuronhasperhapsathousandlittlewires,calleddendrites,whichconnectitwithit
24、sfellows.If,asseemslikely,everybitofinformationinthebraincorrespondstooneoftheseconnections,thetotalnumberofthingsknowablebythebrainisnomorethan1014,onehundredtrillion.Butthisnumberisonlyonepercentofthenumberofatomsinourspeckofsalt.n7Sointhissensetheuniverseisintractable,astonishinglyimmunetoimmunet
25、oanyhumanattemptatfullknowledge.Wecannotonthislevelunderstandagrainofsalt,muchlesstheuniverse.n8Butletuslookmoredeeplyatourmicrogramofsalt.Salthappenstobeacrystalinwhich,exceptfordefectsinthestructureofthecrystallattice,thepositionofeverysodiumandchlorineatomispredetermined.Ifwecouldshrinkourselvesi
26、ntothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerankuponrankofatomsinanorderedarrayarray,aregularlyalternatingstructuresodium,chlorine,sodiumchlorine,specifyingthesheetofatomswearestandingonandallthesheetsBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.8-10aboveusandbelowus.Anabsolutelypurecrystalofsaltcouldhavethepositionofeveryatomspeci
27、fiedbysomethinglike10bitsofinformation.Thiswouldnotstraintheinformation-carryingcapacityofthebrain.n9Iftheuniversehadnaturallawsthatgoverneditsbehaviortothesamedegreeofregularitythatdeterminesacrystalofsalt,then,ofcourse,theuniversewouldbeknowable.Evenifthereweremanysuchlaws,eachofconsiderablecomple
28、xity,humanbeingsmighthavethecapacitytounderstandthemall.Evenifsuchknowledgeexceededtheinformation-carryingcapacityofthebrain,wemightstoretheadditionalinformationoutsideourbodiesinbooks,forexample,orincomputermemoriesandstill,insomesense,knowtheuniverse.n10Humanbeingsare,understandably,highlymotivate
29、dtofindregularities,naturallaws.Thesearchforrules,theonlypossiblewaytounderstandsuchavastandcomplexuniverse,iscalledscience.Theuniverseforcesthosewholiveinittounderstandit.Thosecreatureswhofindeverydayexperienceofmuddledmuddledjumbleofeventswithnopredictability,noregularity,areingraveperilperil.Theu
30、niversebelongstothosewho,atleasttosomedegree,havefigureditout.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社n11Formyself,Ilikeauniversethatincludesmuchthatisunknownand,atthesametime,muchthatisknowable.Auniverseinwhicheverythingisknownwouldbestaticanddull,asboringastheheavenofsomeweak-mindedtheologians.Auniversethatisunknowablei
31、snofitplaceforathinkingbeing.Theidealuniverseforusisoneverymuchliketheuniverseweinhabit.AndIwouldguessthatthisisnotreallymuchofacoincidencecoincidence.Para.11BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Sentence AnalysisBookOne外语教学与研究出版社1.Itsgoalistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconne
32、ctionsofthingsfromsubnuclearparticles,whichmaybetheconstituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmosasawhole.(Para.1,Line1-4)Themainstructureofthesentenceisasimplesentence:“Itsgoalistofind.,toseek.,topenetrateto.”lpenetrate:arriveatthemeaningof;comprehendlparticl
33、e:粒子lconstituents:componentlcosmos:Theuniverseregardedasanorderly,harmoniouswholelasawhole:asaunit;consideredtogetherTranslation：其目的是弄清世界的运行机制，寻求其间可能存在的规律，洞察事物之间的联系从构成一切物质的亚核粒子，到生物有机体，人类社会群体，以至整个宇宙。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社2.Ifyouspendanytimespinninghypotheses,checkingtoseewhethertheymakesense,whethertheyco
34、nformtowhatelseweknow,thinkingoftestsyoucanposetosubstantiateordeflateyourhypotheses,youwillfindyourselfdoingscience.(Para.3,Line 5-7)Noticetheobjectcomplementoftheverb“spend”:“Ifyouspendtimespinning.,checking.,thinkingof.(then)youwillfind.”lspin:produceorinventinamannerlikespinningthreadlconformto/
35、with:beobedientto,beinagreementwith,oractinaccordancewithestablishedpatterns,rules,etc.lsubstantiateordeflateyourhypotheses:provethetruthofyourhypotheseswithevidenceorreducethevalueofyourhypothesesParaphrase:Ifyouspendtimemakingsomeassumptions,checkingtoseewhethertheymakesense,whethertheyareinagreem
36、entwithanyothertheoryweknow,thinkingwheatheryoucandoanyexperimentsoastoproveordisproveyourassumption,thenyouaredoingscience.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Translation：如果你花时间构想一些假设，检查看它们是否有意义，是否与我们知道的其他什么理论相符合，考虑一些你能用来证实或摒弃你的假设的实验，那么你将发现自己在从事科学。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社3.Sointhissensetheuniverseisintractable,astonishingly
37、immunetoanyhumanattemptatfullknowledge.(Para.7,Line1-2)intractable:difficulttomanageorgovern;stubbornastonishingly:surprisinglybeimmuneto/from:notresponsivetooraffectedbysthParaphrase:Sointhissenseitisdifficulttoknowabouttheuniverse,evenforthosewhoareveryknowlegable.Translation：因此从这种意义上讲，要了解宇宙是很棘手的，
38、对任何饱学之士也毫不例外。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社4.Ifwecouldshrinkourselvesintothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerankuponrankofatomsinanorderedarray,.(Para.8,Line3-4)Noticethesubjunctivemood:“Ifwecouldshrinkourselvesintothiscrystallineworld.”Here“could”isusedinsteadof“can”.larray:anorderly,oftenimposingarrangementlshrink
39、:becomereducedinextent,amount,orvalueParaphrase:Ifwecouldreduceoursizeandgetintothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerowsofatomsplacedinanorderlyarrangement.Translation：如果我们可以缩小身体进入这个水晶的世界，我们可以看见一排排原子形成有序的点阵.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社5.Iftheuniversehadnaturallawsthatgoverneditsbehaviortothesamedegreeofregularityth
40、atdeterminesacrystalofsalt,then,ofcourse,theuniversewouldbeknowable.(Para.9,Line 1-2)Noticethesubjunctivemoodofthepresenttime:“Iftheuniversehadnaturallaws.,then,ofcourse,theuniversewouldbeknowable.”lgovern:exerciseadirectingorrestraininginfluenceover;controlParaphrase:Iftheuniversehasanynaturallawst
41、ogoverneditsbehavior,justlikethethereisaregularitythatgovernsagrainofsalt,crystalofsalt,then,ofcourse,theuniversewouldbeknowable.Translation：如果宇宙有什么自然规律控制自己的行为，就像决定盐晶体的规律一样，那么，宇宙当然会是可知的。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Language PointsBookOne外语教学与研究出版社vt.makefalsebymutilationoraddition;asofamessageorstory弄歪（嘴脸等），扭曲，
42、歪曲（真理、事实等），误报e.g.Youhavedistortedmymotives.你曲解了我的动机。Thereporterdistortedthefacts.记者们歪曲了事实。Howdarehedistortedthefactssobrazenly!他怎么敢如此肆无忌惮地歪曲事实！例题：例题：Thehumanvoiceoftensounds_inthetelephone.(CET-6,2006)A.twistedB.irregularC.distortedD.deformeddistortC.distortedBookOne外语教学与研究出版社conformvt.Tocorrespondi
43、nformorcharacter;besimilar一致：在形式或特征上相符；相似e.g.Hisideasdonotconformtomine.他的想法和我的不一致。vt.Toactorbeinaccordoragreement;comply适合：行为或状态和谐一致；遵从固定搭配conformto/conformwith:类似于complywithe.g.Thebuildingdoesnotconformtosafetyregulations.这座建筑物不符合安全条例。Allstudentsmustconformwiththerules.所有的学生都必须遵守校规。BookOne外语教学与研究出
44、版社例题：例题：1.Itisfortunatefortheoldcouplethattheirsonscareergoalsandtheirwishesforhim_.(CET-6,2003,06)A.coincideB.complyC.conformD.collaborate2.Asvisitingscholars,theywillingly_tothecustomsofthecountrytheylivein.(CET-6,2003,01)A.submitB.conformC.subjectD.commitC.conformB.conformBookOne外语教学与研究出版社subduev
45、t.putdownbyforceorintimidation使服从，压制，减弱e.g.Wesubduedadesiretolaugh.我们强忍住笑。Hemanagedtosubduehismountinganger.他设法克制住了阵阵愤怒。subduedsatisfaction不动声色的暗暗得意Heseemssubduedtoday.他今天显得闷闷不乐。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社n.atentativetheoryaboutthenaturalworld;aconceptthatisnotyetverifiedbutthatiftruewouldexplaincertainfactso
46、rphenomena假设e.g.Allthesefacthaveborneoutthehypothesis.所有这些事实证明了假设的正确性。Severalconclusionsflowfromthishypothesis.从这项假设中可以得到几个结论。复数形式：hypotheses例题：例题：Ourresearchconfirmedthe_thatwhenchildrenhavemanydifferentcaregiverimportantaspectsoftheirdevelopmentareliabletobeoverlooked.(CET-6,2006,12)A.hypothesisB.
47、hierarchyC.synthesisD.syndromeA.hypothesishypothesisBookOne外语教学与研究出版社periln.asourceofdanger,astateofdangerinvolvingrisk危险，冒险e.g.Theshipwasinimminentperilofbeingwrecked.那条船马上就有失事的危险。vt.poseathreatto,presentadangerto置于险境，冒险e.g.periloneslife冒生命危险atonesperil(用于告戒某人不要做某事)自担风险e.g.Keepoffatyourperil.走开点，不然
48、出了事你自己负责。Youhadbetternotinvestsomuchmoneyatyourperil.你最好不要冒险投资那么多。inperilof冒着丧失的危险e.g.beinperilofoneslife冒着生命危险BookOne外语教学与研究出版社coincidencen.eventthatmighthavebeenarrangedalthoughitwasreallyaccidental巧合e.g.Whatacoincidence!真是巧合！ThatsthemostincrediblecoincidenceIveeverheardof!那是我听到的最难以置信的巧合！BookOne外语
49、教学与研究出版社arrayn.anorderlyarrangement,oranimpressivedisplay数组，排列，陈列，大批，一系列e.g.anarrayofroyaljewels一串价值连城的首饰anarrayofheavilyarmedtroops大批全副武装的部队vt.layoutorderlyorlogicallyinalineorasifinaline排列，布署，打扮e.g.Bannersarearrayedonthewall.墙上张挂着锦旗。arrayedthewholeregimentontheparadeground将整个团列阵于阅兵场例题：例题：IntheSpri
50、ngExportCommoditiesFairthe_offinechinaattractedmuchattentionofcustomersfromallovertheworld.(CET-6,1999,06)A.successionB.arrayC.stringD.processionB.arrayBookOne外语教学与研究出版社vt.Toreleasecontainedairorgasfrom.从放掉所含的气体/空气e.g.Deflatetheair-bed.放掉气床的气。vi.Tocollapsebyreleasingcontainedairorgas瘪掉：由于放掉所含的空气或气体而