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1、Reading and Writing外语教学与研究出版社Unit 4BookOne外语教学与研究出版社ContentWarming-upWarming-upReadingReadingWritingWritingTextATextATextBTextBBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Lead-in questionsn 2.Indian Iraqn Jordann Kuwaitn Yemenn Libyan Nigerian Philippinesn Singaporen Sudann Tanzanian UgandaBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Lead-in questionsn
2、BritishEnglishn aeroplanen booking officen caratn Christian namen exhaust pipen trousersn queuen railway stationn motorwayn ground floorn AmericanEnglishn airplanen ticket officen karatn given namen tailpipen pants,slacksn linen train stationn freeway,expresswayn first floorBookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出
3、版社Questions:1)Which kind of English are you studying now,American English or British English?What are the differences between them?2)In which aspests does American English attracts you?Through what channels does American English spread to the rest of the world?Offer some examples.3)Chinese is increa
4、singly popular outside China,do you see any possibility that Chinese will become the most prevailing language throughout the world in the future?Why/why not?Group discussion BookOne外语教学与研究出版社 THE FUTURE OF ENGLISHH.L.MenckenBookOne外语教学与研究出版社ReadingText ATextStudy TextStudyMainIdea&Structure MainIdea
5、&StructureSentenceAnalysis SentenceAnalysisLanguagePoints LanguagePointsUsefulExpressions UsefulExpressionsTextTranslation TextTranslationBookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社English is the most prevailing language throughout the world and wins by its succinctness and simplicity.Though resisted by the English
6、,American English is developing and surpassing British English,and it will eventually conquer the world.MainIdeaBookOne外语教学与研究出版社Structure Para.4-7Main idea:English is the most prevailing language and its worldwide spread is due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking people.Mainidea
7、:English wins by its advantages in vocabulary,pronunciation and arrangment.Its succinctness and simplicity are especially attractive to foreigners.Mainidea:Though resisted by the English,American English is developing fast.Its reasonable to predict that American English will eventually conquer the w
8、orld.Para.8-14Para.1-3BookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社n 1Inthemiddleofthesixteenthcentury,Englishwasspokenbybetweenfourandfivemillionsofpeople,andstoodfifthamongtheEuropeanlanguages,withFrench,German,Italian,andSpanishaheadofitinthatorder,andRussianfollowing.Twohundredyearslater,Italianhaddroppedbehindbu
9、tRussianhadgoneahead,sothatEnglishwasstillinfifthplace.BytheendoftheEighteenthCenturyEnglishbegantomoveforward,andbythemiddleofthenineteenthithadforceditswayintofirstplace.TodayitissofarintheleadthatitisprobablyspokenbyasmanypeopleasthenexttwolanguagesRussianandGermancombined.n 2Howmanypeoplespeakit
10、today?Itishardtoanswer.BesidesthosetowhomEnglishistheirnativetongue,therearepeoplewho,thoughborntosomeotherlanguage,liveinEnglish-speakingcommunitiesandspeakEnglishintheirdailybusiness.Moreimportantly,Englishisnowspokenasaforeignlanguagethroughouttheworld veryoften,tobesure,badly,butneverthelessunde
11、rstandably.IthasbecomeaplatitudethatonemaygoalmostanywherewithnootherlinguisticequipmentandgetonalmostaswellasinNewYork.Para.1-2BookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社Para.5-6n 5WhenAmericanpedagoguesspeakofthevirtuesofEnglishtheyalmostalwaysbeginbyhymningitsenormousvocabulary,whichisatleasttwiceaslargeasthatof
12、anyotherlanguage.Butthisisnotwhatenchantstheforeigner;onthecontrary,thevastreachesofthevocabularynaturallyalarmhim.Thethingthatreallywinshimisthesuccinctnessandsimplicityofthelanguage.Weuse,forallourstoreofLatinpolysyllables,agreatmanymoreshortwordsthanlongones,andwearealwaystryingtomakethelongoness
13、hort.Whatwasoncepuniligrionisnowpun;whatwasgasolineonlyyesterdayisalreadygas.NootherEuropeanlanguagehassomanythree-letterwords,norsomanyfour-wordsayings.“Firstcome,firstserved”thatistypicallyEnglish,foritisbold,plain,andshort.n 6TheEnglishpsychologist,Dr.Ogdenbelieves,indeed,that850wordsaresufficien
14、tforallordinarypurposes,andhehasdevisedaformofsimplifiedEnglish,calledbyhimBasic,whichusesnomore.Ofhis850wordsnolessthan600arethenamesofthings,whichleavesonly250forthenamesofqualitiesandactions,andforallthelinguistichooksandeyesthatholdsentencestogether.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Para.7-8n 7Doesthisseemtoofew
15、?ThenitisonlytothosewhohaveforgottenoneoftheprimecharacteristicsofEnglish itscapacityforgettinganinfinityofmeaningsoutofasinglewordbycombiningitwithsimplemodifiers.Consider,forexample,thedifferencebetweentheverbstoget.Togetgoing,togetby,togetonto,togetwise,togetoff,togetaheadof,andtogetover.Dr.Ogden
16、proposestoridthelanguageofagreatmanyverbs someofthemirregular,andhencedifficult bysubstitutingsuchcompoundsforthem.Why,forexample,shouldaforeignerbetaughttosaythathehasdisembarkedfromaship?Isntitsufficientforhimtosaythathehasgotoff?Andwhyshouldhebetaughttosaythathehasrecoveredfromtheflu,orescapedthe
17、police,orobtainedajob?Isntitenoughtosaythathehasgotoverthefirst,gotawayfromthesecond,andsimplygotthethird?n 8ButasEnglishspreads,willitbeabletomaintainitspresentform?Probablynot.Butwhyshouldit?Everysuccessfuleffortatstandardizationseldomsucceeds.TheschoolmaamhasbeentryingsincetheRevolutiontobringAme
18、ricanEnglishtoherrules,butitgoesonsprouting,anditwilleventuallyconquertheEnglishofEngland.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社Para.11-12n 11TheEnglishtravelerswhobegantoswarminAmericaafter1800gavewillingaidinthisbenignwork,andscarcelyoneofthemfailedtorecordhishorroroverthenewAmericanwordsthatheencountered,an
19、dtheunfamiliarAmericanpronunciation.CaptainBasilHall,whowasherein1827and1828,wenttothelengthofmakingacalluponNoahWebster,thenover70yearsofage,tolodgehisprotest.“Surely,”hesaid,“suchinnovationsaretobedeprecated.”“Idontknowthat,”repliedWebsterstoutly.“IfawordbecomesuniversallycurrentinAmerica,whyshoul
20、ditnottakeitsstationinthelanguage?”“Because,”answeredHall,withamagnificentresorttoBritishcomplacency,“therearewordsenoughalready.”n 12Thishostilitycontinuesintoourownday.Atregularintervals intervalstheLondondailiesandweekliesbreak breakintosonorouscomplaintsagainsttheAmericaninvasion.Eventherelative
21、lycautiousandplainlyusefulsimplicitiesofAmericanspelling(asinthe-orwords,BookOne外语教学与研究出版社forexample)aresometimesdenouncedwithgreatrancor.ButitisreallytoolatefortheEnglishtoguardthepurityoftheirnativetongue,forsomanyAmericanismshavealreadygotintoitthat,onsomelevelsatleast,itisnowalmostanAmericandial
22、ect.TherearehundredsofthemindailyuseinEngland,andmanyhavebecomesofamiliarthatanEnglishman,onbeingchallengedforusingthem,willcommonlyarguethattheyareactuallyEnglish.n 13ThereareEnglishmenwhobelievethatthetimehascometocompromisewiththeinvasion,andeventowelcomeit.Thefatherofthispro-Americanpartyseemsto
23、havebeenthelateWilliamArcher,whowassayingsolongagoas1899thatAmericanshadenormouslyenrichedthelanguage,notonlywithnewwords,butwithapt aptandluminouscolloquialmetaphors.ThelateDr.RobertBridges,PoetLaureatefrom1913untilhisdeathin1930,wasoflikemindwithArcher.Para.12-13BookOne外语教学与研究出版社n 14IturntoDr.Ogde
24、nslistoffifty“international”nounsfortheBasicvocabulary,andfindthatnolessthannineofthemareAmerican,notEnglish.IturntoProfessorIchikawaslistofEnglishwordsthathavebeentakenintoJapanese,andAmericanismsbristlefromeverypage.Plainlyenough,theconquestoftheworldbyEnglish,ifitevercomesoff,willreallybeaconques
25、tbyAmerican.Para.14BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Sentence AnalysisBookOne外语教学与研究出版社1.English,broughttoclosequarterswithformidablerivals,haswonveryoften,notbyforceofnumbers,butbythesheerweightofitsmerit.(Para.4,Line 1-2)bringtoclosequarterswith:bringintocontactwithformidable:difficulttodefeatformidablerivals:劲敌me
26、rit:aqualitydeservingpraiseorapprovalParaphrase:WhenEnglishhadtocompetewithotherlanguages(likeFrenchandGerman)whichwerealsoverystrong,ithadveryoftenwon,anditsvictorywasnotbecauseithadagreaternumberofspeakers,butbecauseithadgreatadvantagesoverotherlanguages.Translation：英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为
27、其优点。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社3.Butthisisnotwhatenchantstheforeigner;onthecontrary,thevastreachesofthevocabularynaturallyalarmhim.(Para.5,Line 3-4)enchant:toattractanddelightreaches:theextentordistancesomethingcanreach;scopealarm:tofillwithalarm;frightenParaphrase:ButthelargesizeofthevocabularyofEn
28、glishisnotwhattheforeignerisreallyinterestedin;onthecontrary,thegreatvarietyofmeaningsandimplicationsfrightenhim.Translation：然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社4.TheEnglish,fromtheAgeofAnneonward,haveresistedthemarchofAmericanwithamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignation,al
29、beitwithsteadilydecreasingeffectiveness.(Para.10)indignation:angerarousedbysomethingunjust,mean,orunworthyalbeit:although“withamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignation”isaadverbialclauseofresult(方式状语从句);“withsteadilydecreasingeffectiveness.”isadverbialclauseofmanner(结果状语从句).Paraphrase:Fromt
30、heAgeofAnneuptonow,theEnglishpeoplehavebeenagainstthedevelopmentofAmericanEnglishwithamixtureofpatrioticwatchfulnessandmoralindignation,althoughtheirresistancehasbeenlessandlesseffective.BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Translation：自安妮时代以来，英国人就以一种带有爱国者的警惕和义愤的复杂心情，来拒绝美语的进入，尽管效果在日渐下降。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社6.whow
31、assayingsolongagoas1899thatAmericanshadenormouslyenrichedthelanguage,notonlywithnewwords,butwithaptandluminouscolloquialmetaphors.(Para.13,Line 3-4)enrich:tomakefuller,moremeaningful,ormorerewardingapt:exactlysuitable;appropriateluminous:easilycomprehended;clearColloquial:characteristicofthespokenla
32、nguageParaphrase:Hesaidin1899thatAmericanshadgreatlyenrichedthelanguagebyintroducingnewwordsaswellasappropriateandclearmetaphorswiththefeaturesofspokenlanguage.Translation：他早在1899 年就说过，美国用语大大丰富了英语语言，不仅为英语增加了新词，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、带有口语特色的比喻用法。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Language PointsBookOne外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社ap
33、tadj.havinganaturalorhabitualtendencytodosomething;likely 有.倾向的，易于的 近义beinclinedto/tendtoe.g.Thiskindofshoeisapttosliponwetground.这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑。Itsapttorainthisafternoon.今天下午可能下雨。adj.exactlysuitable;pertinent 适当的，恰当的e.g.anaptremark 适当的话例题:Thewordswereall_andwellchosen.A.suitableB.appropriateC.aptD.fit
34、C.aptBookOne外语教学与研究出版社benignadj.kindandgentle 慈祥的，和蔼的，亲切的，温和的e.g.abenignnature/smile 和善的性情/微笑ThebenignweatherbroughtNorthAmericaabumpercrop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。adj.med(ofadisease)notdangeroustolife;notmalignant(医)疾病无致命危险的，非恶性的，良性的e.g.abenigntumor 良性肿瘤Abenigntumourwillnotcauseyouanyfatalharm.良性肿瘤不会对你有致命的伤害
35、。例题：Thisisa_tumour,soyoudonthavetobeworriedaboutit.A.goodB.kingC.benevolentD.benign C.benevolentBookOne外语教学与研究出版社bristlen.shortstiffhair 短而硬的毛发e.g.Hischinwascoveredwithbristles.他的下巴长满了胡子茬。v.(hairorfur)tostandupstiffly(e.g.becauseofanger,distrust,etc.)（因愤怒等原因而毛发）竖立，硬挺;（比喻义）怒发冲冠e.g.Thedogshairbristled
36、(up)whenthevisitorscametothedoor.访者走近大门时,那条狗的毛都竖起来了。Theybristled(withanger)athisdenigratingdescriptionoftheiractivities.听到他在污蔑他们的活动，他们都怒发冲冠。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社bristlewithsth:tohaveplentyof(somethingespeciallyunpleasantorunattractive);befullof 到处都是，尤指不愉快的事e.g.Thestreetbristlewitharmedguardsafterthelate
37、stterroristattack.最近一次恐怖分子攻击后，街道上武装警卫遍布。例题：Paintbrushesareusuallymadeofpigs_.A.furB.bristleC.woolD.featherB.bristleBookOne外语教学与研究出版社complacentadj.pleasedorsatisfiedwithasituation,oftenunreasonably;notworrying,eventhoughoneperhapsshouldbe 自满，自鸣得意(placency)e.g.acomplacentsmile 洋洋自得的微笑Hehadbecomecompla
38、centafteryearsofsuccess.成功多年后他变得自我满足起来。Aftersomanywinswegrewcomplacentandthoughtwedneverlosesoofcoursewelostthenextmatch.赢了许多场以后，我们得意忘形了，以为我们决不会输，因此我们 在接下来的比赛中当然就输了。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社denouncevt.toexpressstrongdisapproval,esp.publicly;condemn(尤指公开)职责，谴责，告发e.g.Theministersactionwasdenouncedinallthenews
39、papers.这个部长的行为在各个报纸上遭到强烈谴责。Shewasdenouncedasatraitor.她被告发为叛徒。例题:ThemassrallyattheTownHall_himasatraitor.A.scoldedB.denouncedC.censuredD.criticizedB.denouncedBookOne外语教学与研究出版社dispersev.toscatterorspreadindifferentdirections,soastobenolongerpresent分散，消散，驱散 近义词scatter,distributee.g.Afterschoolthechildr
40、endispersedtotheirhomes.放学后，孩子们都四散回家了。Policeusedteargastodispersethecrowd.警察用催泪弹驱散人群。Theairplanedispersedtheleafletsoverthecity.飞机在城市上空散发传单。例题：Groupsofpolicewere_allalongthestreetwheretheQueenwastopass.A.scatteredB.dispelledC.dispersedD.compelled句意：一排排警察分布在女皇将要经过的街道两旁。C.dispersedBookOne外语教学与研究出版社adj
41、.(ofaperson)famousandadmired;distinguished(指人)卓越的，杰出的，出名的近意词distinguishede.g.Eventhemosteminentdoctorscouldnotcurehim.甚至连最杰出的医生都治不好他的病。aneminentschoolar 知名学者例题：Churchillwasoneoftheworldsmost_statesmen.A.eminentB.imminentC.illicitD.explicableA.eminenteminentBookOne外语教学与研究出版社indignationn.feelingsofsur
42、prisedanger(becauseofsomethingwrongorunjust)(因错事和不公正的事情而感到的)愤怒近义词：outragee.g.Iexpressedmyindignationatbeingunfairlydismissed.我对遭到不公正的解雇表示愤慨。Hewasblazingwithindignation.他勃然大怒。例题:Themenwerefullof_becausetheythoughttheirfriendshadbeenunjustlypunished.A.diagnosisB.indigestionC.indignationD.aggression C.
43、indignationBookOne外语教学与研究出版社resortn.aplacewherepeopleregularlygoforholidays 度假地，旅游胜地e.g.ahealthresort 疗养地n.theactionofresortingtosomething 诉诸，求助，采取e.g.Ifthiscantbesettledreasonably,itmaybenecessarytohaveresorttoforce.如果这个问题不能得到合理的解决，诉诸武力可能是必要的了。Asalastresort,wecouldborrowmoremoneyfromthebank.作为最后的手段
44、，我们可以向银行再借点钱。vi.tomakeuseof;turnto(oftensomethingbad)forhelp 采取，诉诸，求助于(通常为不好的事物)e.g.Youshouldresorttoyourparents.你应该求助于你的父母。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社Useful ExpressionsBookOne外语教学与研究出版社forcesthon/uponsbtocausetobeacceptedbyanunwillingperson(使)被迫接受e.g.Youshouldntforcefoodonchildren.你不该强迫孩子吃东西。Hedidntwanttobep
45、aid,butweforcedthemoneyonhimbecauseweknewheneededit.他不想要报酬，但我们强迫他收下这笔钱，因为我们知道他需要钱。Thewarwasforceduponusbypowersthatneededourcoalandiron.战争是那些需要我们的煤和铁的强国强加给我们的。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社gotoanylength(s)tobewillingtodoanything,howeverdifficult,dangerous,unpleasant,ormorallywrong 不遗余力，竭尽所能，不折手段e.g.Hewillgotoany
46、lengthstogethischildbackfromhisex-wife.不管花多大力气都要把儿子从前妻那要回来。Theywenttounprecedentedlengthstolimitpresscoverageofthetrial.他们竭尽全力限制新闻界对这次事件的报道。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社intervalsatintervals:nowandthen;withshortperiodoftimebetween 不时；时时；每隔一会儿e.g.atregularintervals 每隔一定时间Rainfellatintervalsthroughoutthenight.雨断断续
47、续下了一整夜。atintervalsof:thappeningregularlyafterequalperiodsoftimeorappearingatequaldistances 每隔时间/距离e.g.Thebellrangatintervalsofhalfanhour.钟每隔半个小时敲响一次。Thereseedsareplantedatintervalsofthreeinches.这些种子的播种间隔为3 英寸。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社comeoff totakeplace,happen 举行，进行，发生e.g.Theweddingcameoffasplanned.婚礼按计划举行了
48、。tosucceed;havetheintendedeffect 成功，达到预期的效果e.g.Itwasacleverjokebutitdidntquitecomeoff.那消化不错，可惜没有达到预期的效果。tofinishinthestatedway;havethestateddegreeofsuccess 结果是，成为e.g.Shecameoffratherbadlyinthedebate.她在辩论赛中输的很惨。Comeoffit!别胡说了，别撒谎了，别装蒜了e.g.Nowcomeoffit.Ineversaidthat.行了，别胡说了，我从来没那么说过。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社
49、takein toreceiveintooneshome;providelodgings(foraperson)接待(某人)留宿e.g.Hehadnowheretosleepsoweofferedtotakehimin.他没有地方可睡于是我们提出让他留宿。toinclude 包含，包括e.g.Thisisthetotalcostoftheholidaytakingeverythingin.这是度假的全部费用，一切都包括在内。tomake(clothes)narrower 把（衣服）改窄e.g.Mydressisabitlooseroundthewaistcouldyoutakeitinform
50、e?我衣服的腰围有点宽松，你能帮我改窄一些吗?tounderstandfully;grasp 充分理解，掌握e.g.Ittookmealongtimetotakeinwhatyouweresaying.我费了好长时间才弄明白你所说的话。todeceive 欺瞒，欺骗e.g.Dontbetakeninbyhispromises.不要被他的许诺所蒙骗。BookOne外语教学与研究出版社drop dropbehind:fallbehind 落后e.g.JohnandJackhaddroppedbehindinordertobealoneandhaveatalk.为了能单独在一起谈谈，约翰和杰克故意走