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1、专四语法非谓语动词专四语法非谓语动词说明以下总结的专四常考点，我们不着重与详尽的语法介绍，只是对历年专四常考的语法进行总结。我们的目标是对于必考语法点完全拿下。五非谓语动词（一）不定式1.1.不定式做主语不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy
2、,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysfor a persontostayhealthy.Itscleverof youtohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.TheMinisterofFra
3、nceis believed to bethinkingofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(04年）ProfessorJohnsonissaidtohavemadesomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(99年)2.不定式做宾语不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request
4、,swear,tend,venture。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretended to beasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定语不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：In1938PearS.Buckbecamethefirst American woman to receivetheNobelPrizeforLiterature.(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名
5、词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendencytodotendtodo,decisiontododecidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambitiontodo“干的雄心”beambitioustodo“有雄心干”curiositytodo“对的好奇心”becurioustodo“对好奇”abilitytodo“做的能力”abletodo“有能力做”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthate
6、nhanceaspeciesability to survivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.W
7、eappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do),so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。(2)soasto,suchasto
8、,enoughto,tooto结构做程度状语。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,donthavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常
9、见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,only to finditlocked.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighbouringcountry,only to becapturedbythepoliceeachtime.(99年)(4)not/nevertooto,toonotto,but/onlytooto,tooready/eage
10、r/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义。如：Iamonly too pleased to hearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。（二）动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,
11、practice,postpone,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.动名词做介词短语动名词做介词短语尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededi
12、catedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,preferto,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。真题举例：1.Themeetingwasputoffbecauseweobjected to havingameetingwithoutJohn.(05,62)（三）分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：现在分词表示主
13、动，表示动作在进行。过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：Itseasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace.)Therewasaveryinterestingremarki
14、nabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相当于whichgave.)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBri
15、tishrecapture（收回）oftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced)2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要
16、用完成式，有时用一般式。如：Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.（4）表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一
17、般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,w
18、edecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.真题举例：1.Agricultureisthecountryschiefsourceofwealth,wheatbeingbyfarthebiggestcerealcrop.(03)2.Timepermitting,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.（03）3.Therebeingnothingfordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.(00
19、)非谓语动词的其他考点：1.不定式的习惯用法不定式的习惯用法句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbu
20、tbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.2.当动词的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式做主语时，若需要否定时not放在动词的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式符号to前面。Not obtainedaticketformatch,hecannowonlywatchitonTVathomeNot beingtallisnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife。3.动名词的习惯用法动名词的习惯用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.Itsnogo
21、od/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.IknowitisntimportantbutI cant helpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingo
22、verspiltmilk.4.there be 非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe，做其他状语用therebeing。如：For theretobesuccessfulcommunication,(fortheretobe在句中做目的状语)Itisntcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIca
23、nleaveJimscaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe在句中做程度状语)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,wellstopheretoday.(therebeing做原因状语)(3)引导主语用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.非谓语动词非谓语动词1.Ininter
24、nationalmatches,prestigeissoimportantthattheonlythingthatmattersistoavoid.A.frombeingbeatenB.beingbeatenC.beatingD.tobebeaten2.Heprefers.A.towritehislettersratherthandictatingthemB.towritehislettersratherthandictatethemC.writinghislettersratherthandictatethemD.writinghislettersratherthanhavedictated
25、them3.ProfessorJohnsonissaidsomesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake4.This missile is designed（设定好的）（设定好的）so that oncenothingcanbedonetoretrieveit.A.firedB.beingfiredC.theyfiredD.havingfired5.Hewasnt askedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety（社团）,insuff
26、icientlypopularwithallmembers.A.havingconsideredB.wasconsideredC.wasbeingconsideredD.beingconsidered6.nocauseforalarm，theoldmanwentbacktohisroom.A.TherewasB.SinceC.BeingD.Therebeing7.Ifnotwiththerespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill-temperedandgrumbles（抱怨）allthetime.A.beingtreatedB.treatedC.betreat
27、edD.havingbeentreated8.Time,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permits9.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighbouringcountry,bythepoliceeachtime.A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycaptured10.atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesntseemsogloomy.A.LookingB.LookedC.HavingD.Tolook结束结束