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1、非谓语动词 A. 类型类型 B.功能功能 1.不定式不定式 主语、表语、宾语、补语、主语、表语、宾语、补语、 定语、状语定语、状语 2.分词分词 表语、定语、状语和补语表语、定语、状语和补语 3.动名词动名词 主语、表语、定语和宾语主语、表语、定语和宾语基本特点：基本特点：做很多句子成分，但就是做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为这也是它们被称为非谓语动词非谓语动词的原因。的原因。 它们它们具有各种形态具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。态、进行态和完成态。 不受主语的人称和数的限制不受主语的人称和数的限制。不定式2.1 作宾
2、语作宾语n只能加只能加+ to do aim, agree, arrange, ask, afford, apply, attempt, beg, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, bother, care, fail, decline, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, hurry, long, manage, offer, pretend, plan, plot, premise, presume, proceed, refuse, reque
3、st, resolve, seek, strive, tend, threaten, undertake, etc.不定式的时态主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done进行式进行式to be doing完成进行式完成进行式to have been doingn 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式n不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例的。例如：如：n Thousands of young peopl
4、e are learning to ski (同时同时)n Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with?我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻呢呢?The Minister of Finance is believed _of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48)nA. that he is thinking B. to be thinkingnC. that he is to think D. to think 答案：答案：Bn试题分析：本题考查的是非谓语动
5、词的用试题分析：本题考查的是非谓语动词的用法。详细解答：用动词不定式的现在进行法。详细解答：用动词不定式的现在进行时：时：to be doing，意为，意为“正在考虑正在考虑”。B不定式的进行式不定式的进行式n1. 不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。行。nHe pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.nHe is said to write a preface to the book. (He will write)nHe
6、is said to be writing a preface to the book. (He is writing)n2. 不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动不定式的完成进行式强调其所表示的动作作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生，而且一直进行发生，而且一直进行。nShe is known to have been working on the problem for many years.nHe looked too young to have been publishing books for six years. 他看上去很他看上去很年轻，不像是
7、已经出版了六年书的人。年轻，不像是已经出版了六年书的人。不定式的完成式n1. 用在用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, wanted, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等后，表示等后，表示过去没有实现过去没有实现的愿望，计划或期待的愿望，计划或期待等。也可用来表示等。也可用来表示先先于谓语动词发生动作或状态于谓语动词发生动作或状态，to have +过过去分词表示动作，去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。表示状态。nI intended to have come to s
8、ee you. (我本打我本打算来看你的算来看你的)nHe was to have fetched you here他本该去他本该去把你带来的。把你带来的。nShe has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通过必先通过，才能，才能)nYou are lucky to have won the girls heart(You have won)n2.用在用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状
9、等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动作（状态）态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。，它一般强调事情的完成或结果。nJudging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education.nHe was believed to have been a reporter. 3. 在在should/would like或或should/would have liked后用不定式完成式表示后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿没有实现的愿望望。n
10、I should like to have gone with her. (但没有但没有去去)nI should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter. (我真想见到她读我真想见到她读信时的表情。信时的表情。)1. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46)A.being B. to be C. to have been D. having be
11、enn答案：答案：Cn由句中的时间状语由句中的时间状语“over the past few years”可知动作发生在谓语动作之前可知动作发生在谓语动作之前,故应用故应用不定式的完成式作宾语。不定式的完成式作宾语。n2. Professor Johnson is said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999-43)A.having made B. making C. to have made D. to maken答案：答案：Cn当动作发生在谓语动词之前时，应用不定式当动作发生在谓语动词之前时，应
12、用不定式的完成时表示。本句中的的完成时表示。本句中的Professor Johnson去去年的研究取得重大进展先于谓语动词年的研究取得重大进展先于谓语动词“据说据说”之前，故应用动词不定式的完成式之前，故应用动词不定式的完成式n3. At three oclock this morning, I seemed _ someone scream in the street. (1990-39)A.hearing B. having heard C. to have heard D. to hear 答案答案 C练习n1. The Vikings are believed_ America. A.
13、 to have discovered B. in discovering C. to discover D. to have been discovered答案：答案： A2. The students were to_ at the auditorium before 1:30 p. m. , but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.nA. assembled B. have assembled nC. assembling D. be assembled答案：答案：B3. He was to_ the new ambassador
14、, but he fell ill.n A. having telephoned B. have telephoned n C. has telephoned D. telephoning答案：答案：Bbe+动词不定式1. 表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于表示最近，未来的计划或安排（相当于be going to） You are to see him today at six oclock.2. 表示该做或不该做的事（相当于表示该做或不该做的事（相当于should/must/ought to/have to等）。等）。 You are to explain this.3. 表示能不能发生的事
15、（相当于表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等）等） Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries.n4. 表示不可避免将要发生的事。表示不可避免将要发生的事。ne.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.n5. 用于条件从句，表示如果用于条件从句，表示如果想，设想想，设想（相当于（相当于ifshould, 或或ifwant）。）。ne.g. If we are to be there i
16、n time, well have to hurry up.nI _ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mothers illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54)nA. am to have finishednB. was to have finished nC. was to finishnD. ought to finish答案：答案：B动词疑问句动词疑问句+带带to的不定式的不定式n用于此结构的常见动词：用于此结构的常见动词：advise consider decide di
17、scuss explain find out forget hear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonder Please show me how to do that.(做宾语做宾语) When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.（做主语）（做主语） The problem is how to get there in time.（做表语）（做表语） I had no idea which to read
18、first.（做名词同位语）（做名词同位语）nThe Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_. (1998-49)nA. to stay B. is to stay n C. to stay at D. is for stayingn答案：答案：C不定式的特殊句型n1. such as to, suchas to, soas to表程度表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mea
19、n as to do a thing like that?n2. so as (not) to, only to, in order to, so (such) as to(如此如此以便以便)表目的表目的 We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. He kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. I come here only to say goodbye to you. 1 His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the
20、 meeting. (2005-53) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to答案：答案：B2 His strong sense of humor was_ make everyone in the room burst out laughing. (1998-50) A. so as to B. such as to C. so that D. such that答案：答案：Bn3. tooto结构结构: n1) 太太以至于以至于n2) 当当too前面有前面有only, all, but时，意思是时，意思是“非非常常”，to
21、o等于等于very。ne.g. He was but too eager to get home.n3) 当当too前或前或to前有否定词构成前有否定词构成双重否定双重否定时，时，too等于等于very。ne.g. He is too wise not to see that.n4) 当当too后是后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, east, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副
22、词时，等形容词或副词时，too等于等于very。nThey are too ready to help others.n5) too与与cannot连用，表示无止境。连用，表示无止境。ne.g. You cannot be too careful.越仔细越好。越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分无论怎么仔细也不过分n6) 当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时，表示表示so (many/much)。ne.g. There are too many problems to be solved.n4 only to +动词原形（不料竟会动词原形（不料竟会，没想，没想到会
23、到会）表示不好的结果。）表示不好的结果。ne.g. They hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.nThe three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _ by the police each time. (1999-42)nA. had been capturednB. being always capturednC. only to be capturednD. unfortunately c
24、aptured答案：答案：C动词不定式的复合结构n1. 强调不定式的行为属性，可用强调不定式的行为属性，可用“It is +形容形容词词for somebody+不定式不定式”句型。静态形容句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。词多用于此句型。nEasy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable not enough essential the first the next the last the best too much too littlene.g. It was very difficu
25、lt for me to learn Spanish.间或也可用间或也可用“for + there to be”表示表示(而且而且there后面的不定式只能是后面的不定式只能是to be)ne.g. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.ne.g. Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem？n2. 强调任务的性格和特征，则用强调任务的性格和特征，则用“It is +形形容词容词of somebody+不定式不定式”句型。动态句型。动态
26、形容词多用于此句型。形容词多用于此句型。nKind nice stupid rude clever thoughtful brave considerate silly selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible wrong right badnThe opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003-47)nA. for us to be preparednB. that we are prepared nC. of us
27、to be preparednD. our being preparedn答案：答案：An在类似在类似essential, necessary之类的形容词之类的形容词后面，句子的动词形式为后面，句子的动词形式为 (should)+动词动词原形。故选项原形。故选项B不对。不对。 而而essential 后面一后面一般跟般跟to/for, 省略省略TO 的动词不定式的动词不定式1在情态成语之后在情态成语之后 在在would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon (宁愿宁愿), may/might (just) as well (不妨，可不妨，可以以)
28、, cannot but/ cannot help but (不能不，不由得不能不，不由得不不)之后，接不带之后，接不带to不定式。不定式。Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.Id sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.He would rather listen to others than talk himself.I would just as soon stay as go.
29、 ？Note: 在否定句中，在否定句中，not放在放在would rather, had better后，但在否定疑问句中，后，但在否定疑问句中，not放在放在had, would 后。后。I would rather not drink anything.Hadnt you better make haste?Had I not better do it tomorrow?nThat man has a bad reputation. You_ anything to do with him. (1991-10)n A. had better not have n B. have bette
30、r haven C. have better not haven D. had better not to have答案：答案：A2 在介词在介词except /but 之后之后 如果如果except/but之前有动词之前有动词do的某种形式，的某种形式，其后通常用不带其后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带的不定式，否则带to。 如果主语是由如果主语是由all, what等词引导的从句，或等词引导的从句，或者是主语受者是主语受only, first, one, least或形容词最高或形容词最高级级修饰，主语部分有实义动词修饰，主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式，的某种形式，则作主语补语的不定式也是
31、既可带则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to，也可不，也可不带带to。They did nothing except work.Theres no choice but to wait.What he will do is to spoil the whole thing.All you do now is to complete the form.The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself.The thing to do now is to clear up this mess.3 在在“why./ why not.?”之后之后Why表示不
32、满，或者是委婉的批评；表示不满，或者是委婉的批评；why not表示建议，二者都不带表示建议，二者都不带to Why argue with him?Why not give Mary some flowers?_ him tomorrow? (2001-43)A.Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on答案：答案：D必须带必须带to的特殊情况的特殊情况1. know better than后的不定式必须加后的不定式必须加to ne.g. He knows better than
33、 to lend her the money. 他很明智，不会把钱借给她。他很明智，不会把钱借给她。nHe knew better than to argue with such a rascal. n2. “比较级比较级+名词名词+than”后的不定式要加后的不定式要加to ne.g. She had more sense than to be deceived by him.她有理智，不会上当。她有理智，不会上当。nHe has a better heart than to betray his country. 他有良心，不会叛国。他有良心，不会叛国。动名词只能加只能加+doingack
34、nowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate, anticipate, avoid, cant help, comprehend, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dispute, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, favor, grudge, hinder, imagine, include, involve, justify, mind, object to, pardon, permit, postpo
35、ne, prevent, quit, recall, resent, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate, etc.动名词时态和语态意义主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 doingbeing done完成式完成式 having donehaving been done动名词的时态n动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的动名词和不定式一样，没有独立的绝对的时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动时态意义，其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。词的时态。 n一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作一般式：表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时同时发生或在其后发生发生或在其后发生, 或
36、表示或表示一般情况一般情况。使用。使用doing.nSeeing is believing. 眼见为实。眼见为实。 n完成式完成式: 表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生, 使用使用having done.nHe was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.nHis having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.nI never regretted _ offer, for it was not where m
37、y interest lay. (1993-53)nA. not to accept nB. not having accepted nC. having not acceptednD. not acceptingn答案：B动名词的语态n被动式被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者承受者nHe did it without being asked.nThey insisted on being given the task.nBeing taken advantage of is not a good thing.n但要注意但要注意, 在在want, nee
38、d, deserve, require, repay, bear, take需要，需要，brook忍受，忍受，stand等等表示表示“需要、值得、忍受需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容等动词及形容词词worth后后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用却用动名词的主动形式动名词的主动形式.nMy pen needs filling.nThe point deserves mentioning.nThis problem requires studying with great care.nHer method is worth trying. 在在need, want后用主动态动
39、名词表示被动后用主动态动名词表示被动意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，意义，与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别，但以用动名词较为普遍。但以用动名词较为普遍。The door is cracking. It needs oiling / to be oiled.The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned.require, deserve也能这样用，但不及也能这样用，但不及need, want普通。普通。动名词的复合结构n如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。n两种形式：两种形
40、式：n1)人称代词所有格人称代词所有格+动名词动名词 He insisted on my going with him to the party. nCompare: Tom insisted on going with them. n Tom insisted on my going with them.n2)名词所有格名词所有格+动名词动名词nShe dislikes her husbands coming back home late.nCompare: He hates working late. n He hates his wifes working late.n若动名词的逻辑主语
41、与句子主语相同，则若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。不应再有主语。1 Though her father never approved of _ to drama school, she became a well-known actress. (1991-16)nA. going B. her to go C. her going D. her gon答案：答案：C2 She regrets _ idle when young.na. to have been b. her being c. her having d. having beenn答案：答案： D 动名词和不定式
42、的比较n1）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。）动名词通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。n2）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定）动名词通常指持续、反复的动作；不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。式通常指一时、一次的动作。n3）动名词通常用于书面语；不定式则倾向）动名词通常用于书面语；不定式则倾向口语。口语。 4）动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一）动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多般来说，在表示抽象的、一般的行为时，多用动名词用动名词;在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。的动作时，多用不定式。Its no use
43、 crying over spilt milk. （抽象动（抽象动作）作）His mother had advised him, however, that it was no use to argue with Selma. （具体动（具体动作）作）（指抽象动作（指抽象动作, 泛指）泛指）（指具体的一次动作）（指具体的一次动作）Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here will be punished随地吐痰是不礼貌的在这里吐痰要受惩罚。5）在）在Its no use (good)，its useless后面常用动名后面常用动名词作主语。词
44、作主语。nHer present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her (泛指泛指)nTo teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach (特指特指)nIts difficult for him to finish the job in a week.nIts no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收覆水难收分词分词的形式 现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性现在分词表示主动的意义；表示一般性的或正在进行的动作
45、；在表面形式上有的或正在进行的动作；在表面形式上有“一般式一般式”和和“完成式完成式”与与“主动式主动式”和和“被动式被动式”之分。之分。 过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，只有一种形式。只有一种形式。态主动态被动态式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别 n现在分词的被动形式是现在分词的被动形式是being done，表示某一动，表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。作在讲话时下在发生，或与谓语动作同时发
46、生。nYou will find the matter being talked about all over the town.n而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外，还表示这个动作已经完成。如个动作已经完成。如The patient operated on yesterday is a famous scientist.n1. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three
47、men climbing down it. (1995-52)nA. throwing nB. being thrown nC. having thrown nD. having been thrownn答案：答案：Bn2. Mr. Brown had the report _as soon as he finished _ it. (1990-33)nA. to be typed, to write nB. typed, to writenC. being typed, writing nD. typed, writingn答案：答案：Dn在在look at，listen to, feel，
48、hear，notice，observe，see，watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正语补足语，意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束在发生、还未结束;不定式说明动作的全过程。不定式说明动作的全过程。nDid you hear someone knocking at the door?你刚你刚才听到有人敲门吗才听到有人敲门吗?nYes I did. I heard him knock three times.是的，我是的，我听到他敲了三下听到他敲了三下.n注意：注意：find后面用分词后面用分词(现在分
49、词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词)作宾作宾补，不用不定式。如：补，不用不定式。如：n正：正：I found him lying on the ground.n误：误：I found him lie on the ground.分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别n1. 表时间表时间n e.g. Hearing the news, we immediately set off for London.A. 相当于相当于when引导的从句这类状语通常放在句引导的从句这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分。子的前半部分。nHearing the news, we immediatel
50、y set off for Beijing(When we heard the news，we)nWhen leaving the airport，we waved again and again to him.B. 也可放在主语后或句尾，放在句尾时表示强也可放在主语后或句尾，放在句尾时表示强调。调。nI listened to the music for a while，having written an important lettern He，having finished his homework，goes to bedC. 如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发如果分词表示的动作紧接