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1、-非谓语动词也称为动词的非限定形式,不可以在句中单独做谓语,也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性质,既有动词的特点(有时态、语态的变化,能被状语修饰,也有自己的宾语),又有非动词的特点(可以代替名词或形容词)。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词,前者表主动或进行,后者表被动或完成)三种。它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其它各种成分。l 非谓语动词作主语)不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语,但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作e.g. is not a serious disadvantage in life. (2001
2、, 51) A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not all D. Not being tall分析 句意为:个子不高在生活中不是一个大的缺点。非谓语动词在句中主语。非谓语动词的否定式,要直接在非谓语动词前加not,因此,排除掉 A和。动名词和不定时都可以作句子主语,但动名词表示一贯性动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的实施,应该用动名词,所以正确。)不定式和动名词都可以用it 来代替作形式主语, 但在含有no, -less等否定词的句子里,常用动名词作主语。如:It is useless talking with her.
3、 和她谈话是没有用的。It is no good discussing with her. 和她讨论是没有益处的。3)如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,两者应保持同样的形式,或同为不定式,或同为动名词。如:To see is to believe. 眼见为实。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。4)不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但表示人的性格行为特征的形容词作表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导,这样的形容词有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly,
4、stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked。例如:It was very brave of you to save the drowning girl. l 非谓语动词作宾语不定式和动名词可以在句中充当宾语,但分词却不可以。1) 有些动词后只能接动名词,如:abandon, admit, advocate, acknowledge, anticipate, enjoy, appreci
5、ate, risk, pardon, resist, forgive, mind, tolerate, suggest, avoid, confess, consider, delay, deny, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, imagine, involve, justify, mention, practice, postpone, recall, recollect, etc.2) 有些动词后只能接不定式,如:aim, ask, agree, claim, endeavor, bother, fail, long, pretend, pla
6、n, refuse, tend, prepare, volunteer, attempt, claim, intend, pledge, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture, etc.3) 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如:love, like, hate, begin, start, etc. 这时,两者的差别不大,主要在于:不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。如:I like getting up early. 我喜欢早起。(一种生活习惯)I hate to get up early tomorrow. 我讨厌
7、明天要早起。(一次性行为)4) 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词,如:try, remember, forget, regret, stop, etc. 此时,两者差别很大,需要加以区别。如: I never regretted the offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993, 53)A. not to accept B. not having acceptedC. having not accepted D. not accepting 分析 to regret doing sth. 表示“后悔做过某事”,即某事已经发生了;to
8、 regret to do sth. 表示“对做某事感到遗憾”。联系句意“我从来不后悔没有接受那份工作,因为那并非我的兴趣所在”,可以直接排除A。 由于regret 后的内容并不强调事情发生的时间,所以可排除B和C(C中否定词的位置不对)。因此,D为正确答案。5) 介词或介词短语之后接动名词作宾语。下列短语中的to是介词,所以后面必须接动名词:object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected
9、to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer to., see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to, etc. 如:You must realize (that) I object to being
10、kept waiting.l 非谓语动词作补语 不定式和分词都可以做主语补足语和宾语补足语。但两者表达的意义有所不同:现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动意义;不定式表示动作将要完成。e.g. I heard someone singing this song. (指当时)我听见有人正在唱这首歌。 I heard my name called. 我听见有人叫我的名字。 He asked me to get in touch with her. 他要我和她联系。(动作未发生) 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimp
11、se, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补足语。 例如:When I looked out of the window I saw her crossing the road.当我向窗外望去的时候, 看见她正在过马路。 不定式在以下结构中作主语补足语:be said/reported/thought/ believed/known/supposed +to do sth.。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应
12、形式,比如to have done。例如:This strategy is reported to have been effective. 据报道,这种策略有些效果。 l 非谓语动词作定语 不定式、现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语。不定式常用作名词后置定语。如:Do you have time to help us?你有时间帮助我们吗? 一些可用作形容词的单个的现在分词常用作前置定语。如:We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. 我们一得到额外资金就继续着手我们的实验。This is really a
13、n exciting day to all of us! 对于我们所有人来说,这真是令人兴奋的一天。此外,一些现在分词(短语)可用在名词后作定语,相当于一个从句,如:There is a van stopping (= which is stopping) outside.有一辆货车停在外面。 有很多表示情绪的过去分词,以及一些其它类型的过去分词可用作定语,如:She could hear his agitated voice. 她能听见他激动的声音。closed door 关着的门 不定式作定语时,如果动词为不及物动词,后面必须有相应的介词与前面所修饰的名词相呼应。如:He is looki
14、ng for a room to live in.Smith is a good man to work with.l 非谓语动词作状语1) 不定式和分词都可以作状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随、让步、结果等。不定式常在句中作目的状语,而分词一般不具备这种功能;分词能表示时间或伴随情况,不定时却不能这样用。如:He came to see me. 他来见我。Singing a song, they came into the classroom. 他们唱着歌,进了教室。 不定式作结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾。一般表示不好的结果,有时用only加强语气。例如:Many reporters hur
15、ried to the airport, only to be told that the superstar had already left.(,结果被告知那位明星早已离开。)2) 当不定式和分词有了自己的主语,便构成了不定式和分词的独立结构。不定式独立结构通常在句中作状语,表示伴随状况;分词独立结构在句中作状语,表示时间、伴随、原因和条件等。如:We divided the work, he to clean the table and I to move the box. 我们分工合作,他擦桌子,我搬箱子。 Time permitting, we will have a meeting
16、. 如果时间允许,我们就开个会。3) 主语应与分词保持一致。句中主语应该与分词逻辑主语保持一致,避免悬垂分词的出现。也就是要避免既不带自己的主语,又不以句子主语做自己的逻辑主语的分词短语。例如下面的句子是错误的。 Hearing the terrible news, her eyes filled with tears.由于主语her eyes不能发出hearing的动作,所以本句是错误的。可以这样改:Hearing the terrible news, she burst into tears.一听到这个可怕的消息,她就哭了起来。 例: at in his way, the situatio
17、n doesnt seem so desperate. A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look说明 答案为B。句意“从他的角度来看,形式似乎还不至于令人如此绝望。”这里最主要的时判断look的逻辑主语是谁。句中真正的主语是the situation,两者互为被动,故应该用被动形式looked。4) 非谓语动词作主语和状语时,若要使用其否定形式, 则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构之前。如: ,he can now only watch it on TV at home. (1998,45)A. Obtaining not a ticke
18、t for the matchB. Not obtaining a ticket for the matchC. Not having obtained a ticket for the matchD. Not obtained a ticket for the match分析 本句中主语he 和obtain之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,因此是现在分词短语作原因状语;由于“没有弄到门票”发生在“看电视”之前,这里应该使用现在分词的完成式,即having obtained a ticket for the match, 否定词not应该置于整个现在分词结构之前,因此本题应该选择C。l 分词作表语分词作
19、表语通常相当于形容词功能。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。如:That book was rather boring. 那本书很枯燥。He was very amused. 他很愉快。l 其他考点 特殊不定式结构,比如:not/never tooto, toonot to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to等表示肯定意义。如:I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再次收到你的来信,我太高兴了。 表示“不得不做”的相关习惯用法
20、(注意部分带to,部分不带to):cannot help but to cannot but do cannot choose but docan do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do there be结构的非谓语动词形式在句中可以做宾语、状语或主语:1) 作动词宾语时,取决于谓语动词的本身要求。 跟动名词的动词后用there being。 常见的动词有:deny, appreciate, mind, imagine, admit; 跟不定式的动词后用there to be。常见的动词有:want, expect, hop
21、e, wish, like , hate, would like, prefer, mean, intend等。例如:She denied there being any misunderstanding between them.她否认他们之间有任何误会。Teachers dont want there to be any students lagging behind.老师不希望有任何学生掉队。The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams. 学生们希望期末考试前有更多的复习课。
22、2) 作除for外的介词宾语, 用there being。如:He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought. 他经常忽视其内心如此矛盾这样一个事实。I was wrong about there being some misunderstanding between us. 认为我们之间有误解是我的错误。I never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall. 我从未想到墙壁上有幅画。3) 作目的状语或程度状语时,
23、用for there to be,作其他状语用there being。如:- For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.为了成功交流,所有与会者必须关注与参与讨论会。- It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.今晚有霜不会太冷,所以我把吉姆的
24、车放在外面很安全。(即:若置于介词for之后,则用there to be,整个介词短语作程度状语。再如:It was too late for there to be any buses.太晚了,不会有公共汽车了。)- There being no further questions, well stop here today. 如果没有问题,我们今天就先到这儿。(本例可参见there be句型的独立主格结构)4) 引导主语时, 在“It + be + adj. for”句型中用 there to be。如:- It is unusual for there to be no late com
25、ers today. 今天没有人迟到真少见。- Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the class.太遗憾了,这个班上有多方面的麻烦。 没有for引导,则用there being。例如:- There being a public bus service is a great convenience to people. 公交车对人们十分方便。 1) 和不定式一样,动名词有主动形式doing,也有被动形式being done 或having been done; 有一般形式doing, 也有完成形式having done; 有肯
26、定形式也有否定形式,否定词not一般放在动名词前。例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我很珍惜两年前得到的出国留学的机会。He said he so much regretted not being able to swim. 他说他对不会游泳感到非常遗憾。He doesnt like not being taken seriously. 他不喜欢被人不严肃对待。2) 动名词也有逻辑主语, 当整个动名词短语在句中作宾语的时候,可以用所有格也可以用普通格;如果整个动名词短
27、语作主语,逻辑主语(特别是有生命的名词)必须用所有格形式。例如:Do you mind my (/me) smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗? my (/me) smoking作宾语They insisted on Marys (/ Mary) finishing the report before Friday.他们坚持让玛丽周五前完成报告。其中的my finishing就是所有格形式,做宾语The students knowing English well helps him in learning French. 这位学生通晓英语对他学习法语很有帮助。作主语 但罗辑主语是无生命名词时,通常
28、只用名词普通格。如:Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?Is there any hope of our team winning the match? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗? 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, non, anybody, anyone等时,只用普通格。如:She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。 动名词的习惯用法:be busy/active doi
29、ng sth.have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth.Its no good/use doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth.cannot help doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use doing sth.There is no doing sth. 和不定式、动名词一样,分词也有不同的时态形式,也有主动和被动,也有谓语主语,分词也有肯定形式和否定形式,否定词not放在分词
30、标志词之前。一定要根据考题认真分析,选择正确的表达方式。如:Not having received any letter from him, I gave him a call. 一直没有收到他的信,于是我打了电话给他。 现在分词作插入语,表示说话人对说话内容所持的立场或看问题的态度。此时分词的逻辑主语不再是句子的主语。常见结构(固定表达)有:generally speaking一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到strictly speaking严格地说 judging from从判断all things considered从整体来看taking all thi
31、ngs into consideration 全面看来 从句改分词时,要注意:(1)从句和主句的主语必须一致,这是可以省略从句的主语,将从句谓语部分改为分词形式,(2)主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。因此,经常出现“连词+分词”的结构(注意:此处的连词是不能省略的)。如:Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. 尽管学习刻苦,他还是没有通过期末考试。If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand. 如果逐字翻译,文章会
32、让人很难理解。注意:从句改分词结构与从句改独立主格结构的区别:(1)是否省略连词;(2)从句中是否保留主语。下面是三例独立主格:- The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. 由于天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳.=As the day was fine,we decided to go swimming.- There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 工作都谈完了,我宣布会议结束。= Since there is no further business, I declare the meeting closed.- The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统遭暗杀了,国人都沉浸在深深的悲痛中。-第 8 页-