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1、I.非谓语动词n非谓语动词也称为动词的非限定式，主要有不定式，v+ing,v+ed三种形式n非谓语动词有双重性质，既有动词的特点，（有时态、语态的变化，能被状语修饰，也有自己的宾语。）又有非动词的特点（替代名词或形容词。）n非谓语动词的语法成份：在句中可作非谓语之外的其他各种成份，如主语，表语，补语，宾语，定语和状语。n非谓语动词作状语的用法的比较是此类语法考试的最重要的项目，非谓语动词作宾语也是主要的考试内容。1.非谓语动词作主语n1.to do 和doing,可以作主语，含义不同，to do 强调结果（一般指具体或一次性的动作），doing强调进程（一般或抽象的多次动作），分词形式不能作主
2、语。n2.it is a./n.+doingnno good/no use/such a pity/a waste of time/not an easy taskngood/better/foolish/useful/useless/difficult/possiblenIt is+a./n.+to doneasy/difficult/right/wrong/important/clever/foolish/polite/impolite/pity/honor/shame/oddn3.如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同为动名词。nA is to B wha
3、t C is to D.n水对鱼就象空气对人一样重要。nWater is to fish what air is to man.真题演练(2001)n is not a serious disadvantage in life.nA.to be not tall B.not to be tallnC.being not tall D.not being tallnD.在BD两项中选一项2.非谓语动词作宾语n1.to do 和doing可作宾语，done不行nTo do 表未完成或未发生，doing表已完成或已发生。n1）接to do的动词：afford/agree/aim/apply arra
4、nge/ask/beg/choose/claim/dare/decide/decline/demand/desire/determine/expect/fail/guarantee/hope/manage/offer/ought/plan/prepare/presume/pretend/proceed/promise/refuse/request/resolve/seek/strive/swear/threaten/undertake/volunteer/wish 等n2）接doing的动词nAdmit/acknowledge/advise/advocate/allow/anticipate/
5、appreciate/avoid/cant help/complete/confess/consider/defer/delay/deny/endure/enjoy/escape/excuse/fancy/favor/finish/forbid/grudge/imagine/include/involve/justify/mention/mind/miss/pardon/postpone/practise/prevent/quit/recall/report/require/resist/resume/risk/stand/suggest/understand等n3)+doing,+to do
6、 都可以的动词，一般无区别nAttempt,begin,cant bear,deserve,continue,dread,hate,intend,like,loathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,start等，（P246章）n如上述动词为进行体，后则接不定式。nIm starting to work/its beginning to rain.n上述动词中need/want/require/deserve doing表示被动。n4）+doing,+to do 都可以的动词，意思完全不同(P247章)nForget,go on,leav
7、e off,mean,regret,remember,stopnMean doing 意味着nMean to do 打算nRegret to do/doing n5）不定式同疑问词一起作宾语（v.+疑问词+to do)时常用的动词包括：nConsider/decide/know/explain/forget/learn/remember/tell/wonder真题演练（1993）nI never regretted_ the offer,for it was not where my interest lay.nA.not to accept B.not having acceptednC.h
8、aving not accepted D.not acceptingnD.我从不后悔没有接受那个提议，因为那并非我的兴趣所以。B的表达包括了时间概念，而该题并没有强调事件发生的先后顺序，没有时态要求。3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示n1.现在分词表动作正在进行，n过去分词表被动，n不定式表动作已完成或结束n2.补语如果是非持续性动词，不定式表一次性的动作，现在分词则表示反复发生的动作。真题演练（2004）nThe Minister of Finance is believed_ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.nA.that he is
9、thinking B.to be thinking C.that he is to think D.to thinknB.人们认为财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税种来增加政府的额外收入。4.非谓语动词作状语的要点提示n1.不定式和分词都可用来作状语，表原因，让步，方式，伴随，结果等，动名词一般不作状语n2.现在分词表主动正在进行，过去分词表被动或已经完成的动作。真题演练（1998）n，he can now only watch it on TV at home.nA.obtaining not a ticket for the matchnB.not obtaining a ticket for
10、the matchnC.not having obtained a ticket for the matchnD.not obtained a ticket for the matchnC.由于没有买到比赛的票，他只能在家看电视比赛了。（作原因状语）n3.当不定式和分词有自己的主语，构成不定式和分词的独立结构时，不定式的独立结构通常在句中作状语表示伴随，分词独立结构在句中作状语，表示伴随，时间，原因，条件等。II.独立主格结构独立主格结构（一）：（一）：独立主格结构的构成：独立主格结构的构成：名词名词(代词代词)+现在分词、过去分词；现在分词、过去分词；名词名词(代词代词)+形容词；形容词；名
11、词名词(代词代词)+副词；副词；名词名词(代词代词)+不定式；不定式；名词名词(代词代词)+介词短语构成。介词短语构成。With+n./pron.+doing/done/prep.With book in hand主格名词主格名词/代词代词+分词分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/不定式不定式/介词短介词短语语 (作逻辑主语作逻辑主语)(作逻辑谓语作逻辑谓语)（二）（二）独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副
12、词，不定 式，介词式，介词 等是主谓关系。等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。4）用分词时表示主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过用分词时表示主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词；去分词；（三）其作用相当于状语，多用来表示行为、方式或伴（三）其作用相当于状语，多用来表示行为、方式或伴随的情况，有时也用来表示时间和条件。这种结构多随的情况，有时也用来表示时间和条件。这种结构多用在书面语中。用在书面语中。1.名词（或代词）现在分词（或过去分词）。如：1）The moon appearing,they decided to go on with th
13、eir journey.2）Good-bye said,he went home.2.名词（或代词）形容词。如：3）The weather(being)hot,we all went swimming.3.名词（或代词）不定式。如：4）Some of the money to be paid by the thief,the police went.4.名词（或代词）介词短语。如：5）He climbed in,sword in hand.5.名词（或代词）副词。如：6）The meeting(being)over,we left the room.有关独立主格的2道专四试题 There _n
14、othing more for discussion,the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.A.is B.was C being D have 答案选being.With all the data he needed _,Peter began to write his thesis.A collected B.to collect C.collecting D.答案是 collected（三）举例：（三）举例：The test finished,we began our holiday.=When the test was finis
15、hed,we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。如果天
16、气允许，我们明天去看你。This done,we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over,everyone is tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆他夹着本厚书，走出了
17、图书馆 III.悬垂分词(专四应该考不到专四应该考不到,超纲超纲)n顾名思义，分词通常通过它的逻辑主语对句子发生作用，如nSitting at the back as we are,we cant hear a word.nThe hunter saw a huge lion drinking at the spring.在脱离上下文基础上，不鼓励初学者模仿n而相反如果一个分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语或者依着在不应该依着的词语上就成了悬垂分词，或无依着分词。(科技语体通常避免使用人称主语，因此多出现这种情况。)nHaving eaten our lunch,the car pushed i
18、ts way through the tortuous canyon.nWhen installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important.nHaving been deserted by his guide,there seemed little hope that the explorer would find his way through the jungle.IV.there be 句型中的非限定形式n3.there be 句型中的非限定形式（P328）nThere to be/there bei
19、ng/there having beenn1）作介词补足成分nFor there to be(只能用for连接)nOn there being(除for以外其它的介词均可用)nThey planned for there to be another meeting.nJohn was relying on there being another opportunity.Practice:n_ so few people in the streets was unusual.nA.For there to be nB.For there beingnC.On there to benD.On t
20、here beingnA.It was unusual for there to be so few people in the streets.nIt was unusual that there were so few people in the street.(存在句的限定式与非限定式可以互相转换。)n2)作宾语，通常使用 there to be 结构nMembers like there to be plenty of choice.n类似的Vt.为数有限，如：expect,mean,intend,want,like,prefer,haten3)作主语和状语there being/th
21、ere having been(有时)nThere being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.(作主语)nThere having been no rain,the ground was dry.（作状语）n1.In international matches,prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoidnFrom being beatennBeing beatennBeatingnTo be beatenn2.he prefers
22、 _.nTo write his letters rather than dictating themnTo write his letters rather than dictate themnWriting his letters rather than dictate themnWriting his letters rather than have dictated themn3.professor Johnson is said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year.nHaving madenMakin
23、gnTo have madenTo maken4.this missile is designed so that once _ nothing can be done to retrieve it.nFirednBeing firednthey firednHaving firedn5.he wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,_ insufficiently popular with all members.nHaving considerednWas considerednWas being consideredn
24、Being consideredn6._ no cause for alarm,the old man went back to this room.nThere wasnSince nBeing nThere beingn7.If not _with the respect he feels due tot him.Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.nBeing treated nTreatedn be treatedn having been treatedn8.Time_,the celebration will
25、be held as scheduled.nPermitnPermittingnPermittednPermitsn9.The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country,_ by the police each time.nHad been capturednBeing always capturednOnly to be capturednUnfortunately capturedn10._ at in this way,the present economic s
26、ituation doesnt seem so gloomy.nLooking nlookednHaving looked nTo lookn13.The leaders insisted on their _ as ordinary people.nA.treating B.be treated C.being treated D.having treatedn14.The young man considered _ a music school for talented children.nA.startingB.to start C.being started D.to be startednC An15.This reminds me _ to a movie with a friend of mine once.nA.to goB.of going C.go toD.being gone ton16.When it comes to _ computer,many parents have to admit having fallen behind their children.nA.useB.being used C.usingD.usednB C