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1、 简单句(Simple sentence)及句子成分(Members of the sentence)（一）简单句一、定义：由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。eg. He often goes to schoolby bike. He gave me a dictionary yesterday. He has finished the work already. He always makes me . He is doing (his) homework. He did a (good) job. He is a student.注： 表主语, 表谓语, 表宾语, ( )表定语, 表状语,
2、 表补语, 表表语。二、简单句的五种基本句型： 1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) S + Vi eg. The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。 (Such) things often happen. 这种事情经常发生。(The new) term begins in September. 新学年从九月份开始。注：不及物动词后不带宾语，若其后需带宾语，须搭配一介词to/at/on/for等。eg. He arrived in Beijing yesterday. He was listening to the music. 2. 主语+谓语(及物动
3、词)+宾语 S+Vt+O eg. The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜欢住在中国。I missed the train. 我错过了火车。注：及物动词其后一般必须带宾语。常用跟单宾语的动词有：enjoy, forget, remember, guess, love, hate, supply, use 等3. 主语+谓语+表语 S+V+P 该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是), get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound
4、(听起来), seem(似乎), keep(保持),stay(保持) 等。如： He became a (famous) doctor. 他成为了一名著名的医生。 The apple pie tastes really delicious. 苹果派吃起来真是好吃。Trees turn green in spring. 树在春天变绿。 4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（双宾语） S+V+InO+DO 这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语(即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语)。也可以把间接宾 语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to等。如： My aunt bought me a computer.
5、 = My aunt bought a computer for me. I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 我把盐递给他。 注：直接宾语是指给谁的或为谁的；而间接宾语是指接受的对象或行为施予的对象。常见的跟双宾语的动词有：bring, give, hand, pass, pay, return, sell, show, teach等。5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（复合宾语） S+V+O+OC eg. We must keep (our) school . 我们必须保持我们的学校清洁。（形容词作宾补） We found i
6、t to learn English well. 我们发现学好英语很难。（形容词作宾补） I want you at once. 我想让你马上去做这项工作。（不定式短语作宾补） I made him . 我让他去浇花。（省的不定式作宾语补足语）注: 常跟宾语补足语且省去to的动词有 let, make, notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch, have, feel等。另外，notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch, feel 这些表感官的动词除可跟省to的不定式外，还可跟现在分词V-ing，不过
7、强调重点稍有不同，试比较：eg. I saw her yesterday. （强调动作过程） I saw her when I walked by her room yesterday.(强调动作的正在进行，一般有标志性的时间状语，如at nine yesterday等）(二)句子的成分： 1. 主语：是一个句子的主题，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。常可作主语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词、介词短语、从句乃至句子等。 eg. My father is a doctor.（名词作主语） He told me a joke.（代词主格作主语） Three is eno
8、ugh.（数词作主语） To learn English well is difficult.（不定式短语作主语） Smoking is bad for you health.（动名词作主语）From Beijing to Shanghai is not a (long) way.（介词短语作主语） Whenever you are ready will be fine.（从句作主语） “How do you do?” is a greeting.（句子作主语） 2. 谓语：由实意动词,系动词或动词短语(助动词/情态动词+实意动词)构成，一般在主语之后。eg. He works hard al
9、l day. (实意动词) He is a (good) engineer.（系动词） He didnt finish (his) homework.（助动词+实意动词） He can speak Japanese. （情态动词+实意动词） He always looks after (his) (little) sister carefully. （动词短语）注：动词短语相当于一个实意动词，不可以拆开来使用，否则其意会改变。3.表语：其功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它可以说是一种主语补语。它位于系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，系动词只是形式上的谓语，而真正起谓语作用的
10、是表语。常用作表语的有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句（构成表语从句）。eg. His father is a worker.（名词） This book is hers. （名词词性物主代词）She is eleven. （数词） Im free today. （形容词）All( I could do) was to wait.（动词不定式） Seeing is believing. （动名词）She is in good health.（介词短语） This is where I first met her. （从句） 4. 宾语：在句中充当动作的承受者，因此一般
11、皆置于及物动词之后。常可用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句(构成宾语从句)等。 eg. He has a car. （名词） They wont hurt us. （代词宾格） If you add 5 to 5, youll get 10. （数词） He wants to go abroad. （不定式） He likes swimming very much. （动名词） I think you are right. （从句） 5. 补语：是一种补足主语或宾语的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语(subject complement)，补足宾语意义的句子成分
12、叫做宾语补足语(object complement). 可用作补语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。 eg. He was found . （形容词主补） He was called . （名词作主补） We called him .（名词作宾补） We found it very . （形容词作宾补） I asked him . （带 to 的不定式作宾补） I let/made/had him . （不带 to 的不定式作宾补） We call this . （动名词短语作宾补） I have guests . （现在分词作宾补）I had/made the flowe
13、rs . （过去分词作宾补） He found everything . （介词短语作宾补） 6. 定语：是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。常可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句(构成定语从句)等。 eg. He is a (good) student. （形容词作定语） He has a (paper) boat. （名词作定语） (Your) car is better than mine. （形容词性物主代词作定语） I have (two) daughters.（数词作定语） That is the way (to do it).
14、（不定式作定语）(My) (living) room is too small. （动名词作定语） He is a (retired) man.（过去分词作定语） Here is a (sleeping) child.（现在分词作定语） The students (in china) work hard. （介词短语作定语） (Her) mother is a doctor (who works in a hospital). （从句作定语） 7. 状语：是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。按其用途，可分为：时间、地点、方位、原因、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等11种。 常用作状
15、语的有：副词、分词、介词短语、从句（构成状语从句）等。 eg. He always does (his) homework carefully. （副词作状语）Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone.（分词短语作状语）He has been in chinafor 3 years. （介词短语作状语）I was doing (my) homework when the telephone rang. （从句作状语） 8. 同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解
16、释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive）。这两个句子成分多由名词/代词承担。同位语通常皆放在其所说明的名词/代词之后。常用作同位语的有：名词、代词。eg. We have (two) children, a boy and a girl. （名词作同位语） We, Chinese people, are determined to build a powerful and prosperous country.（名词） They all wanted to see him. （代词作同位语） Lets you and me, Tom. （代词作同位语）注：词类中只有具有
17、实意的词类，如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等，才可用作句子的成分。其他无意义的虚词，如冠词、连词、和介词，则不可用作句子的成分。强化练习题句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 划出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without
18、the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 划出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟） I dont like the picture on the wall. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. Do you usually go to school by bus? There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? Tom didnt d
19、o his homework yesterday. What I want to tell you is this. We had better send for a doctor. He is interested in music. Whom did you give my book to?(三) 划出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
20、How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you le
21、ave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.(四) 划出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 划出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟） They use Mr., Mr
22、s. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 划出下列句中的宾语补足语（6分， 6分钟） She likes the children to read newspapers and
23、books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七) 划出下列句中的状语（8分， 8分钟） There was a big smile on her face. Every ni
24、ght he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The studen
25、ts followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（5分， 5分钟） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?句子成分练习题( 二 ) 一、划出下列各句的句子成分：1. Whether well g
26、o depend on the weather.2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily.3. That was how they were defeated.4. The nursery takes good care of our children.5. Ill return the book to you tomorrow.6. We are sure that we shall succeed.7. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other.8. There are ma
27、ny films that Id like to see.9. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?10. I have a lot of work to do.11. Anyway I wont stop you from doing it.12. I said it in fun.13. We can send a car over to fetch you.14. She had to work standing up.15. Seeing this, some comrades became very worried.1
28、6. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.17. The bus arrived ten minutes late.18. We should serve the people heart and soul.19. Spring coming on, the tree turned green.20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting.22. Its st
29、range that she doesnt come today .23. It was in the library that I come today.24. He likes drawing at times when he isnt working .25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 26. The students got on the school bus.27. He handed me the newspaper.28. I shall answer your question after
30、class.29. What a beautiful Chinese painting!30. They went hunting together early in the morning.31. His job is to train swimmers.32. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.33. There is going to be an American film tonight.34. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.35. His wish is to become a sc
31、ientist.36. He managed to finish the work in time.37. Tom came to ask me for advice.38. He found it important to master English.39. Do you have anything else to say?40. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.41. Would you please tell me your address?42. He sat there, reading a newspaper.43.
32、 It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.44. He noticed a man enter the room.45. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的 主语, 谓语, 宾语, ( )定语, 状语, 补语, 表语。并判断各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：AI hope you are very well ( ). Im fine, but tired ( ). Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on th
33、e farm. August is the hottest month here ( ). It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark ( ). Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors ( ). We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow whe
34、at ( ). We have a lot of machines on the farm ( ). Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him ( ). But he employs more men for the harvest ( ). My brother takes care of the vegetable garden ( ). It doesnt often rain in the summer here ( ). As a result, we have to water the v
35、egetable garden ( ). Every evening we pump water from a well ( ). It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden ( ). BMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time ( ). These parties often make us very happy ( ). We cook meat on an open fire outside ( ). Its great ( )!
36、 Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion ( ). Some of my friends drink beer ( ). I dont, because I have to drive home after the party ( ). In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States ( ). There are five different time areas in the States ( ). In my state we ar
37、e fourteen hours behind Beijing time ( ). How many different time areas do you have in China ( )? Well, I must stop and get some sleep ( ). Please give my best regards to your parents( ). 三、选择填空：1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man
38、 is here now 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deade
39、d6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is
40、 being looked D. was looked10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Ma
41、ry can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are (American) boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, b
42、ut, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句(形容词性从句)和状语从句(副词性从句)等。e.g. (The foreign) visitors took (a lot of) pictures when they were at the Great Wall.二、简单句的五
43、种基本句型1、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work. It rained yesterday. 2、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student. The weather is fine. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby .注：其他各种句子都可由这五种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。三、并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等
44、概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. (The teachers) name is Smith, and (the students) name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Which do you prefer, fish or beef?3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a (little) man (with thick glasses), but he had a (strange) way (of making his