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1、-句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句-第 - 12 - 页 句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 画出下列句子的主语：During the 1990s, American country music has b
2、ecome more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有
3、的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （四） 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及
4、表语从句表示。画出下列句子的表语：Our teacher of English is an American.Is it yours?The weather has turned cold.The speech is exciting.Three times seven is twenty one?His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up. The class is over.The truth is that he has neve
5、r been abroad.（五） 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 画出下列句子的宾语：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his offic
6、e.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongdong.（ ）They painted their boat white.（ ）Let t
7、he fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（ ）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（ ）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（ ）（七） 定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 画出下列句子中的定语，并判断什么作定语：Guilin is a beautiful city.（ ）China
8、is a developing country; America is a developed country.（ ） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（ ）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（ ）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（ ）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（ ）He is reading an article ab
9、out how to learn English.（ ）（八） 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： 画出下列句子中的状语：Light travels most quickly.He has lived in the city for ten years.He is proud because he has passed the national college entrance examination.He is in the room making a model plane.Once you begin, you must c
10、ontinue. 判断下列划线部分属于什么成分做状语：How about meeting again at six?（ ）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（ ）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（ ）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（ ）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（ ）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（ ）I
11、n order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（ ）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（ ）She works very hard though she is old.（ ）I am taller than he is.（ ）练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question
12、after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a sc
13、ientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. Would you please tell me your address?16. He sat there, reading a newspaper.17. He noticed a man enter the room.18. The apples tast
14、ed sweet.二、 用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语/系动词（）、宾语/表语（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go
15、 on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My
16、brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、 用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（ ）、状语 、补语：Most Saturday evenings there is
17、a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in
18、different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 简单句、并列句和复合句比一比，看一看，判断下列三个句子哪
19、个是简单句，哪个是并列句，哪个是复合句，为什么？1. Beijing, the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, the nations political, economic, cultural, educational and international trade and communication center, is located in northern China, close to the port city of Tianjin, my hometown and one of my best-liked places of a
20、ll.( 43 words )2. I love her and she loves me too.( 8 words )3. (Twinkle, twinkle, little star) How I wonder what you are.( 6 words )4. If you are an adjective, I am an adverb. You modify others; I modify you.按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主谓结构：一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. 1. He often reads English in the mor
21、ning.2. Tom and Mike are American boys.3. She likes drawing and often draws pictures.4. Jack and his father, mother, and some friends bought some apples, bananas, oranges and a few bottles of pure water yesterday morning in the supermarket near his house after class.2) 并列句：简单句+并列连词（and, but, or,so,
22、while等）+简单句或直接用分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. 1. You help him and he helps you. 2. Work hard, and you will succeed. 3. Work hard, or you will fail. 4. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 5. Im not feeling very well, and I have a head. 6. She enjoys shopping, but I enjoy watching TV. 7.Hewantst
23、obeawriter,whileIwanttobeateacher. 8. Mr.Liwenttohishometown,soMr.Wangwas takinghisclass.读下面一段台词，判断它们是否是并列句，如果是用 标出并列连词。 （Read For Fun） APeople laugh; people cry.Some give up; some try.Some say “Hi” and some say “Bye”.Others may forget you but never I. BLove is giving; love is blessing.Love is carin
24、g; love is sharing.Love seeks the best for others,and treats everyone as brothers.Jack : I love you and I want to stay with you forever.Rose : I also love you, but I have to tell my parents the truth.Jack : Yes, you had better tell them, or they will be angry.Rose : I want, while I will hurt them.Ja
25、ck: But.Either you will hurt them, or you will hurt me. (silence.). 小试牛刀：并列连词填空 1. Autumn is coming _ the leaves are turning yellow. 2. The weather becomes cold, _we have to wear much warmer. 3. We must wear much warmer, _ you will catch a cold. 4. Hurryup,_youllbelateforclass. 5.Practicemore,_youll
26、beabletospeakEnglishbetter. 6. Hedidntcometoschoolyesterday,_hewasill 7.Heisinhissixties,_hehasmadeuphismindtolearnasecondforeign language. 8.Itwasverycoldyesterday_westayedathome.3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。定语从句：1. 复习：什么是定语？定语是用来修饰_或者_的词，通常是_,一般放在_词的_。扩句练习:En S
27、hang is a girl.1.恩尚是一个漂亮的女孩儿。2.恩尚真地是一个漂亮又善良的女孩儿。3. 恩尚真地是一个漂亮又善良的有着大眼睛的女孩儿。4. 温柔优雅的恩尚真地是一个非常漂亮又善良的有着大眼睛和乌黑长发的女孩儿。什么是定语从句？定语从句是用来修饰_或者_的词，它是一个完整的_,一般放在_词的_，相当于一个_。_词叫做_。引导定语从句的词叫_。1. I dont like lazy people. I dont like people (who/ are lazy). (先行词) (关系词) 关系词在定语从句中做_2. This is the warm-hearted girl. T
28、his is the girl that is warm-hearted. 关系词在定语从句中做_ 3. He fell in love with an elegant lady. He fell in love with a lady _/_ is elegant.关系词在定语从句中做_4. It is a heavy rain. The rain that is heavy. 关系词在定语从句中做_ *特别注意！定从的世界里没有what和how！注意：近年的中考题目中只涉及who, which, that这三个关系代词的用法。作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwho/whom/that
29、whose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhoseExample:1. I like groups that/which wear really cool clothes.2. I like the dress that / which you bought for me yesterday.3. She likes singers that/who sing the words clearly.4. The girl that / who I just talked with is my sister.试试看:用关系代词who,which 或that填空1. She doesn
30、t like songs _are too long.2. I like musicians _write their own lylics.3. I cant stand music _I cant hear clearly4. He is a boy _comes to school earliest.考点1 由who引导的定语从句及用法 who在从句中做主语(口语中也可做宾语)，修饰表示_的先行词。This is the man _ helped me.The boy _/_ we saw yesterday is Johns brother.考点2 由which引导的定语从句及用法 w
31、hich在从句中做_，也可做_，或介词的_，修饰表示_的先行词。This is the book _/_you want.The building _/_ stands near the river is our school.The room in_ there is a machine is a workshop.(介词后面的which不能省略)The house _/_ we live in is not large. This is the watch _/_he was looking for.考点3 由that引导的定语从句及用法，that在从句中做主语或宾语、修饰表示人或物的先行
32、词。作宾语时可省略,不能放在介词后面作宾语. (that指人时，相当于who；指物时，相当于which)The letter _/_ I received was from my father.I cant find the letter _/_ came this morning.Do you still remember the days _/_we spent together ?This is the man _/_ helped me.The house _/_ we live in is not large. =The house in _ we live is not large
33、.The doctor _/_/_ you are looking for is in the room.不能用that 情况：介词后面做介词的宾语且不能省略，This is the book for _ you ask.这是你要的书。The house in _ we live is not large.The question about _we are talking is meaningless.逗号后面 （非限制性定语从句）which 代指前面的事或物，who代指人。1.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touchi
34、ng. 这本小说很动人，我已读了三遍了。区别：This novel that/which I have read three times is very touching. （that/which代指_）2. This is the book, which coat me 10 yuan. 这本书，它花了我十元钱。（which代指_）区别：This is the book _/_ coat me 10 yuan.（that/which代指_）3. Li Hua, _ is the top student in our class, is my best friend. (_代指_）区别：Li
35、Hua _/_ is the top student in our class is my best friend. 4. 4. Xi Jinping, _ loves his people, is our chairman.(_代指_）5. 区别：Xi Jinping _/_ loves his people is our chairman.(_代指_）5. I was late, which made my teacher angry. (_代指_）6. China is developing faster and faster, _ attract the attention of ot
36、her countries. (_代指_）考点4 以下几种情况必须由that引导定语从句1.当先行词是即指人又指物的并列名词时。例如：They talked about the persons and the books that interested them.2.当先行词为或含有all, few, any,little, much, everything, nothing等不定代词时。例如：All that they can do is to wait.All (that) you have to do is to practice every day 你要做的就是每天练习。There i
37、snt much (that) I can do. 我能做的不多。3.先行词被all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等修饰的时候。例如：She is the only person that I like best in this class.4.先行词被序数词或者形容词的最高及修饰时。例如：This is the most beautiful flower that I have ever seen. The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.我将永远不会忘记我上的第一堂
38、课。This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。5. 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修饰时。The white flower is the only one that I really like. 这朵白花是我唯一真正喜欢的。This is the very book that I want to read. 这就是我想看的那本书。总结that 用法： “人物绝不避人物”人：that可以指代人物：that可以指代物绝：当先行词表“绝对”意义时，用that： th
39、e only，the very，the same, the last, 序数词，最高级 不：当先行词是“不定代词”时，用that：all, few, little, much, everything, nothing等不定代词修饰或者是本身就是不定代词避：如果句子里已经用了who/which，为避免重复，可以用that人物：当先行词“即有人又有物”时，用that【关系副词，在从句中做状语，表示时间，地点，原因】1when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词。I still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing.我仍然记得来北京的第一天。2where
40、 在句中作状语，表示地点。This is the factory _ I worked two years ago.这就是我两年前工作的那个工厂。3why在句中作状语，表示原因。I know the reason _ he came late. 我知道他来晚的原因。【练习】1The girl _is very _(个子很高) is Johns sister.2We like music _(让我们轻松的)3He likes the places _(天气暖和的)4The watch _ (我昨天买的) was lost.5I will never forget the days _ (我们生活
41、在一起的)6. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.7. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.8.The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.9. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?10. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.11. The girl handed everythin
42、g _ she had picked up in the street to the police.12. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.13. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.14.The man _ was here just now is a doctor.15. The boy _ lives next door has two lovely dogs. 16. Those _ made no mistakes in todays
43、exercises please raise your hands.17. He is the most careful boy _ I know.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, o
44、r, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning