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1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 2727( (总分总分 60,60,考试时间考试时间 9090 分钟分钟) ) 2. Reading Comprehension Section II Reading Comprehension Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. 美国的知识分子2006 年英译汉及详解 Is it true that the American intellectua
2、l is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of in
3、tellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?【F1】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral
4、 problems.He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.【F2】His function is analogous to
5、 that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectualsthe average scientist, for one.【F3】I have excluded him because, while h
6、is accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine dutieshe is not supposed to cook
7、 his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.【F4】But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.During most of his waking life he
8、 will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.【F5】They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, bu
9、t most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in public and illustrious thoughts, as Emerson would say, is somet
10、hing else. 1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成2004 年英译汉及详解 The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 【F1】 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before peopl
11、e realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first
12、 half of the twentieth century.【F2】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with b
13、izarre data from exotic language, were not always so grateful.【F3】The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Na-tive American languages are inde
14、ed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapirs pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.【F4】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the
15、 idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】Whorf came to believe i
16、n a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this ter
17、m is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism. 6. 【F1】7. 【F2】8. 【F3】9. 【F4】10. 【F5】人类学研究2003 年英译汉及详解 Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wond
18、er at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. 【F1】 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study hum
19、ans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.Anthropology derives from the Greek words anthro
20、pos human and logos the study of. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.【F2】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and
21、dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All t
22、he social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of *parative method in analysis.【F3】The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and prese
23、nt, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 【F4】 Tylor defined culture as . *pl
24、ex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the conce
25、pt that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.【F5】Thus, the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept of set in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 11. 【F1】12. 【F2】13. 【F3】14. 【F4】15. 【F5】历史研究的方法论199
26、9 年英译汉及详解 【F1】 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of histo
27、rians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unendi
28、ng process. 【F2】 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sc
29、iences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary worl
30、d.【F3】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.【F4】There is no agreement whether methodo
31、logy refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to thete
32、chnicist fallacy. *mon in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.【F5】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. 16. 【F1】17. 【F2】18. 【F3】19. 【F4】20. 【F5】