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1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 6 6( (总分总分 42,42,考试时间考试时间 9090 分钟分钟) ) 2. Reading Comprehension Section II Reading Comprehension Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. 人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响1990年英译汉及详解People have wondered for a long tim
2、e how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. 【F1】 They want to explain why we po
3、ssess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nu
4、rture. 【F2】 Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.【F3】That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to
5、an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are *pletely governed by our instincts.Those who support the nurture theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than ou
6、r biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is *pletely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us
7、examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say: They dont believe that factors in the environ
8、ment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. 【F6】 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his
9、 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7】In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads some nature proponents to concl
10、ude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet ful
11、ly explain human behavior. 1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】6. 【F6】7. 【F7】8. 【F8】技术发展给社会带来的弊端1989 年英译汉及详解 When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny *puters and turned out 18 per hour.Now she tends *puterized mach
12、inery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Bef
13、ore the *puterized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2】A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages.Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more
14、 than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind. 【F3】 Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technol
15、ogical unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century.One corporation economist says the growth of machine job replacement has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonis
16、hing.【F4】Its humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a n
17、ew, and invariably smaller set of workers.【F5】The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment.Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than
18、 those who never find it.【F6】The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government.Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary. that new technology will ev
19、entually create as many jobs as it destroys.【F7】But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done.We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more lei
20、sure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor, Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally funded trai
21、ning and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed. 9. 【F1】10. 【F2】11. 【F3】12. 【
22、F4】13. 【F5】14. 【F6】15. 【F7】16. 【F8】贝多芬与勇气2014 年英译汉及详解 Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have somet
23、hing to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.【F1】It is also the reason wh
24、y when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethovens importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of *positions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.
25、 Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. 【F2】 By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous
26、 one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven s music. *positions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. 【F3】 Beeth
27、ovens habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with qu
28、estions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. 【F4】 Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.B
29、eethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elev
30、ation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 【F5】 One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering; is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. 17. 【F1】18. 【F2】19. 【F3】20. 【F4】21. 【F5】