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1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 3 3( (总分总分 70,70,考试时间考试时间 9090 分钟分钟) ) 2. Reading Comprehension Section II Reading Comprehension Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. 科学研究不应寻求绝对的普遍真理2012 年英译汉及详解 Since the days of Aristotle, a se
2、arch for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest *monalities defines science. Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.【F1】In physics, one approach takes this impulse
3、for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goa
4、l.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.【F2】Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans *mon origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewilderin
5、g variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.【F3】To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand *plex
6、 cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars
7、in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfo
8、ld the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. 【F4】 The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many languages, which are considered torepresent biases tha
9、t result from cognitive constraints.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2, 000 languages.【F5】Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked thro
10、ugh it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals. 1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3
11、】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】行为科学的建立2002 年英译汉及详解 Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.【F1】One
12、 difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.【F2】The behavioral sciences have be
13、en slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is diffic
14、ult to discover and analyze.【F3】The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction
15、 between organism and environment *e to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces t
16、raditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.【F4】They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and give
17、n credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning values. Who will use a technology and to what ends?【F5】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected
18、, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 6. 【F1】7. 【F2】8. 【F3】9. 【F4】10. 【F5】科学技术影响人类的未来生活2001 年英译汉及详解 In less than 30 years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environme
19、nts, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.【F1】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 【F2】 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personal
20、ities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BTs futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1, 000 years),
21、when *puters will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.【F3】Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries
22、 to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial *ing into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what
23、 we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says.【F4】But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long pr
24、ocess of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be availab
25、le, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean
26、 people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.【F5】And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkitchen rage. 11. 【F1】12. 【F2】13. 【F3】14. 【F4】15. 【F5】关于宇宙起源的科学发现1998 年英译
27、汉及详解 They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth.【F1】But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing wer
28、e the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satelliteCobehad discovered la
29、ndmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).【F2】The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward
30、 in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then int
31、o atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas *pressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and supercluste
32、rs of galaxies. They shouldnt have long to wait.【F3】Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.【F4】If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet an
33、other scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 【F5】 Odd though it soun
34、ds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 16. 【F1】17. 【F2】18. 【F3】19. 【F4】20. 【F5】探究科研领域的发展趋势1996 年英译汉及详解 The differences in rela
35、tive growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.【F1】Some of these causes *pletely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some, however, are less reasonable processes of di
36、fferent growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.【F2】This trend began during the Second World War, when sev
37、eral governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is the
38、refore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.【F3】This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, lik
39、e all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisabl
40、e one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.【F4】However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 【F5】 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 21. 【F1】22. 【F2】23. 【F3】24. 【F4】25. 【F5】