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1、 依赖性心理幻境的变迁和幻灭 ： 好恐怖分子中爱丽丝依赖性心理幻境的分析 重庆大学硕士 学位 论文 学生姓名：余 茜 指导教师：余曼筠 副教授 专 业：英语语言文学 学科门类：文 学 重庆大学外国语学院 二 O 一 一 年 四 月 The Transformation and Disillusionment of Dependency Fantasy： Analysis of Alices Dependency Fantasy in The Good Terrorist A Thesis Submitted to Chongqing University in Partial Fulfillm
2、ent of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts By Yu Xi Supervised by Associate Prof. Yu Manjun Major: English Language and Literature College of Foreign Languages of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China April 2011M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University 中文摘要 I 摘 要 在 当代用英语写作的作家中 ， 多丽丝 莱辛 受到越来越
3、多关注和研究。 她早 在1986年 就 发表 了 现实主义 小说 好恐怖分子 ， 而 近 年来恐怖主义的 严峻 威胁 ，使得这部作品 无论在当时还是在今天都 有着非凡的现实 意义。 自九一一事件之后 ， 随着恐怖主义 威胁的逐渐严峻， 全世界对恐怖主义的关注度 也 越来越高。 其中 以美国社会心理学家 对恐怖主义方面 的研究尤为集中和突出。 在研究恐怖主义心理根源的社会心理学著作 他们和我们 中， 作者 亚瑟 德克曼（ Arthur Deikman） 介绍 了 “ 依赖性心理幻 境 ” 这一重要概念。 莱辛为本书作了序 言，说明在恐怖主义的问题上两者有一定共识。而 莱辛的小说好恐怖分子生动叙写
4、了一个人如何同时 既 是 “ 好人 ” 又是 “ 恐怖分子 ” 。 好恐怖分子 和 他们和我们 研究的对象 恐怖主义存在着共通点 。 而两者分析的侧重点都放在心理学因素上而不是政治因素。本文以此理论为基础对小说主人公爱丽丝的 心理困境做出分析。 本文 分为 五 个部分：第一部分 是文章的导论 ， 分别介绍了论文的研究对象以及论文的结构 ，以及 论文涉及到的恐怖主义基础知识和相关心理学 问题 ； 第二部分 着重分析了爱丽丝沦为 “ 好恐怖分子 ” 的过程中逐渐出现的各种形象，为后文的心理分 析论证做铺垫 ；第三 部分详细阐释 依赖性心理幻境这一 概念，并结合 此心理学概念来 分析 爱丽丝 的个案
5、， 找出 随着情节的推进，这个依赖性心理幻境产生了 怎样的 变迁 ； 第四 部分 论述了这些不同的心理幻境怎样在现实中一一被最终消解和爱丽丝最终独立意识的觉醒 。 第五部分是论文的结论部分 ， 得出爱丽丝之所以从中产阶级家庭的女儿沦为恐怖分子的心理根源在于她缺乏独立性，一再在现实中寻找赖以生存和依赖的心理幻境，以实现自己被 保护 被重视的心理需求，而心理幻境一旦幻灭，爱丽丝也终将觉醒。 本文研究有助于更全面认识恐怖分子的心理特征和恐怖主义的心理成 因，彻底革除恐怖主义的心理阴影 ， 达到整个社会的和谐和沟通。 关键词： 依赖 性心理幻境， 幻境的变迁，觉醒 M.A. Thesis of Cho
6、ngqing University ABSTRACT II ABSTRACT Doris Lessing is an eminent contemporary English writer who deserves detailed study and research. Her realistic novel The Good Terrorist was published as early as in 1986, years before September 11 attack on the World Trade Centre brought the issue of terrorism
7、 to the whole world on such a great scale. Since the attack, the threat of terrorism has become increasingly serious and severe all around the world. It is not only closely related to politics but also has influenced the thinking style of human beings. Researches on terrorism have flourished, especi
8、ally in the field of social psychology in America. Arthur Deikmans book Them and Us analyzes the problem of the terrorism and proposes an important concept “dependency fantasy”. The fact that Doris Lessing composed the foreword for Them and Us shows that she agrees with Deikman on the issue of terro
9、rism. In fact, Lessings own novel The Good Terrorist is a vivid demonstration of how one can be both a “good” person and a terrorist at the same time. Since both Them and Us and The Good Terrorist discuss the issue of terrorism, with a focus on psychology rather than on politics, the present researc
10、h adopts Dekmans concept of “dependency fantasy” for the analysis of the case of Alice Mellings, the “good terrorist”. Based on the textual analysis of the novel with the theory of psychoanalysis, this thesis proves that the psychological instinct of the tendency to sink into a “dependency fantasy”
11、is the root of Alices terrorist thinking. In addition, with the development of the plot in the novel, Alices dependency fantasy has undergone various transformations. Finally, these changes enable her to break away from the disillusioned fantasy. This thesis is divided into five parts. The first par
12、t is the introductory part. It introduces structure of the thesis, the writer Doris Lessing and her novel The Good Terrorist. The basic knowledge of terrorism, more importantly, the psychological impact of terrorism is introduced. The second part analyzes how Alices images keep changing during the p
13、rocess of her degradation into a terrorist, which facilitates the following psychoanalysis part of Alice. The third part covers the psychological concept of “dependency fantasy” in detail, and analyzes the transformation of the “dependency fantasy” in the development of the plot. The fourth part ill
14、ustrates the disillusionment of Alice from the transformed dependency fantasy. Once the fantasy cannot exist in reality because of irresistible realistic elements, Alice has to awake and break out of it totally. M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University ABSTRACT III The fifth part is the conclusion of the
15、 thesis. It sums up the analysis of the whole thesis and reaches the conclusion that Alices degradation from a decent middle-class girl into a terrorist is caused by the dependency fantasy. She keeps searching for such a fantasy to ensure herself to be protected and valued. It functions as a kind of
16、 psychological compensation. Once the fantasy is disillusioned, she has to abandon it and awake. A thorough analysis of Alices changing psychology casts new light on the terrorists, and the causes of terrorism. This is helpful for the harmony of the society. Key words: Dependency fantasy, transforme
17、d fantasy; awakening M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University TABLE OF CONTENTS IV TABLE OF CONTENTS 中文 摘要 . I ABSTRACT . II CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 DORIS LESSING AND THE GOOD TERRORIST . 1 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO TERRORISM . 7 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT THESIS . 9 CHAPTER TWO CHANGING IMAGES OF A
18、LICE IN HER DEGRADATION INTO A GOOD TERRORIST . 10 2.1 THE IMAGE OF THE MIDDLE-AGED GIRL . 10 2.2 THE MENTAL STRESS OF ALICE AND THE SEPARATION FROM FAMILY . 11 2.2.1 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder . 11 2.2.2 Antisocial Personality Disorder . 13 2.3 THE IMAGE OF THE ANGEL IN THE HOUSE . 14 2.4 THE C
19、ONFLICTING IMAGE OF THE GOOD TERRORIST . 14 2.4.1 The Image of Alice as a Good Girl/Woman . 14 2.4.2 The Image of Alice as a Terrorist . 16 CHAPTER THREE THE TRANSFORMATION OF ALICES DEPENDENCY FANTASY . 21 3.1 THE CONCEPT OF THE DEPENDENCY FANTASY . 21 3.2 THE FANTASY BUILT ON JASPER . 23 3.3 THE D
20、EPENDENCY FANTASY BUILT ON THE HOUSE . 26 CHAPTER FOUR THE DISILLUSIONMENT OF THE DEPENDENCY FANTASY AND THE AWAKENING OF ALICE . 31 4.1 THE DISILLUSIONMENT OF THE FANTASY BUILT ON JASPER . 31 4.2 THE CORRUPTION OF THE FANTASY BUILT ON THE HOUSE AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK . 32 4.3 ALICES BREAKING AW
21、AY FROM THE DEPENDENCY FANTASY AND AWAKENING . 35 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION . 38 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 40 M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University TABLE OF CONTENTS V REFERENCES . 41 APPENDIX . 43 作者在攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文目录 . 43 M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter One Introduction T
22、he Nobel Prize winner Doris Lessing demonstrated her keen insight on social problems when she published the novel The Good Terrorist in 1986, years before September 11 attack on the World Trade Centre brought the issue of terrorism to the attention of the whole world. Unlike John Updikes Terrorist (
23、2006), which centers on an extremist, Lessings novel is concerned with psychology rather than with politics, where an average woman of middle-class origin, a “good” woman, became involved in terrorism. In a world facing serious threat of terrorism, an adequate understanding of how an otherwise “good
24、” person can turn into a terrorist would certainly contribute to the solution of the problem. Therefore, this thesis attempts to study Lessings The Good Terrorist with the help of psychology. 1.1 Doris Lessing and The Good Terrorist Doris Lessing was born to British parents who were living in what i
25、s now Iran. The family moved to a farm in southern Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe, in 1925, an experience she described in the first part of her autobiography Under My Skin released in 1994. That is why Lessing shows sympathy towards people with the African blood, like the young black boy Jim in th
26、e novel The Good Terrorist. In the year 2007, eighty-eight year old Doris Lessing becomes the oldest person to be honored with the prestigious award. In its citation, the academy called Lessing an “epicist of the female experience, who with skepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divide
27、d civilization to scrutiny” Several facts in Lessings life play significant roles in her writing: the traumatic effects World War I and II left on her parents, and her; her parents had been looking for a boy when she was born and her childhood experience of the negligence she felt from her mother is
28、 traumatic, which keeps recurring in her writing; she used to be a Communist Party member but she was badly disillusioned when Stalin fell and truth of his tyranny was revealed. This shapes her later alertness to the danger of being categorized and labeled: she dislikes being called a feminist, thou
29、gh The Golden Notebook has been regarded as a feminist Bible. But her concern over political issues remains, and shows itself either implicitly or explicitly through her works. In her novels, Lessing deals with many subjects including youth and age, family responsibility, career M.A. Thesis of Chong
30、qing University Chapter One Introduction 2 and woman, living with others and living alone, mother-daughter relationship and even political issue such as terrorism. Researches on Doris Lessing are too numerous to be covered in detail here. The mere fact that Doris Lessing Society is an affiliated org
31、anization under Modern Language Association and is publishing Doris Lessing Studies every year and that two sessions were held on Doris Lessing alone at the annual convention of MLA may serve as a sign of researchers enthusiasm. The Good Terrorist, first published in 1985, which won the H. Smith Pri
32、ze for Lessing, is a vivid demonstration of the psychology of a terrorist, who is a good person at the same time. The story goes like this: In London, a band of revolutionaries of bourgeois birth occupy an abandoned house as a squat. They are all youth who are not satisfied with the reality. They un
33、ite and plot for something shock and meaningful. These cult thinking young men try desperately to become involved in terrorist activities far beyond their level of competence. The protagonist, Alice Mellings is surely more competent than most of them. She organizes everything of the house just like
34、a housemaid. The Council, to discourage squatters, has sent in workmen to make the place uninhabitable, but that will hardly stop Alice. She is a veteran of some fourteen years experience in squats and communes and here is a house which, judging by the smell coming from upstairs, can use her talents
35、. Jasper is grudgingly proud of the way she knows how to confront officials, to wheedle the connection of water and electricity, to eliminate squalor though predictably some of their new comrades make snide remarks about Alices bourgeois domesticity, saying she cares more for curtains than issues. N
36、o one, however refuses the delicious soup she concocts so economically and can expand to unthinkable quantities when a party congress is called. Alice is a young woman with the virtue of motherly care, practical ability and determined character; the group also easily exploits her, her so-called love
37、r Jasper among them. Between Alice and Jasper, there is no physical intimacy; she looks after him for the past four years. It is motherly care more than sexual love. However, Jasper and his comrades are not grateful at all. He ignores the care Alice gives him, but complains of her bourgeois birth. S
38、till, Alice cannot leave Jasper to live alone. It is a kind of dependence. She depends on him a lot, especially in spirit. Having no clear political tendency herself, she M.A. Thesis of Chongqing University Chapter One Introduction 3 just does what Jasper asks her to. In fact, these squatters do not
39、 let her join them when they are talking about politics. She receives no respect and gratitude among the group. The group encounters manipulation from outside, so they are eager to be revolutionary to fight against the current political system. However, they lack real understanding of their own abil
40、ity and of the real world around. They always indulge in some fantasy. For the other members of the group, the fantasy is about politics, but for Alice, it is about love. Eventually, their unpractical radical thinking turns into a chaos of real destruction. But the consequence is not as they imagine
41、d. They do not change anything of the outer world, but one of the squatters pays the price of life. Their life cannot be the same as before. All of them flee from the squat except Alice, because the house has become one part of Alices dependency fantasy. She is reluctant to leave it. However, she ca
42、nnot stay in the fantasy any longer after their terrorist bombing. The moment she left the house is the beginning of her new life. She is now alone but finally independent. The narrative tone is always intentionally subjective in the novel. The author intentionally uses the 3rd person narration, however, it appears that the audience participate in the story with the heroine and heroes of the novel because Lessing described the mental state, the racial conflict and t