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1、（高职）Unit 17：外贸英语函电ppt课件外贸英语外贸英语函电函电n The significance of transnational corporations ，especially the very large global corporations，lies mainly in three basic characteristics：1.its control of economic activities in more than one country；2.its ability to take advantage of geographical differences betw
2、een countries and regions in factor endowments（including government policies）；3.its geographical flexibility，that is，its ability to shift its resources and operations between locations at a global scale.n Hence，much of the changing shape of the global economic system is sculptured by the TNC through
3、 its decisions to invest or not to invest in particular geographical locations.It is moulded，too，by the resulting flows of materials，components and finished products as well as of technological and organizational expertise between geographically dispersed operations.Although the relative importance
4、of TNCs varies considerably（from industry to industry，from country to country and between different parts of the same country）there are few parts of the world in which TNC influence，whether direct or indirect，is not important.In some cases，indeed，the influence of TNCs on an areas economic fortunes c
5、an be overwhelming. Text Text n One way of defining a transnational is in terms of its ownership of overseas assets and activities，where such ownership confers control over the overseas operation.This is the definition used in all national statistical sources，although the precise percentage of owner
6、ship used varies from country to country（this creates one of the many problems involved in making international comparisons of TNC activity）.n As will become clear in subsequent chapters，there are many ways（direct and indirect，financial and non-financial）in which a business may be regarded as transn
7、ational in its activities，behavior and influence on national and local economies.A more satisfactory and more comprehensive definition of a transnational corporation is that suggested by Cowling and Sugden：n A transnational is the means of co-ordinating production from one center of strategic decisi
8、on making when this co-ordination takes a firm across national boundaries.A broader definition of this kind is necessary to capture the increasing diversity in the forms of international involvement used by business firms.Many of these forms do not involve ownership or equity relationships but are，r
9、ather，various forms of collaboration between legally independent firms in different countries. Text Text n Unfortunately，there are no comprehensive，internationally comparable statistical data to match the broader definition of a transnational corporation.In trying to obtain an idea of the general gr
10、owth and spread of TNCs we have to use the foreign direct investment data collected（very unevenly）by national governments.n TNCs are responsible for a disproportionate share of world employment，production and trade.Between one fifth and one quarter of total world production in the worlds market econ
11、omies is performed by TNCs.Such a large share of world production，together with the geographical extensiveness of their operationstheir global reach also makes them an increasingly dominant force in world trade.An increasing proportion of world trade in manufactures is intra firm，rather than interna
12、tional trade.In other words，it is trade that takes place between parts of the same firm but across national boundaries.Unlike the kind of trade assumed in international trade theory，intra firm trade does not take place on anarms length basis.It is，therefore，not subject to external market prices but
13、to the internal decisions of TNCs. Text Text n In effect，international trade in manufactured goods looks less and less like the trade of basic economic models in which buyers and sellers interact freely with one another（in reasonably competitive markets）to establish the volume and prices of traded g
14、oods.It is increasingly managed by multinational corporations as part of their systems of international production and distribution.Such trade may account for a very large share of a nations exports and imports.In fact，very few countries collect trade statistics in such a way that intra firm trade c
15、an be distinguished from total trade flows.However，such evidence as does exist is at least suggestive of the very important proportion of world trade which is carried on within the boundaries of TNCs.For example，more than 50 per cent of the total trade（exports and imports）of both the United States a
16、nd Japan consists of trade conducted within TNCs.Possibly as much as four fifths of the United Kingdoms manufactured exports are flows of intra firm trade either within UK enterprises with foreign affiliates or within foreign-controlled enterprises with operations in the United Kingdom. Text Text n
17、The conventional image of the TNC tends to be narrow and stereotyped.Mention of the term transnationalormultinational enterprise immediately evokes the picture of a gargantuan organization（an IBM or an ICI，a Unilever or a Philips，a General Electric or a Ford）whose activities encircle the globe and p
18、enetrate its remotest reaches.Such TNCs are，indeed，the dominant forces in the world economy.They are，as is so often pointed out，broadly equivalent in economic terms to some entire nations.As Benson and Lloyd point out，of the 100 largest economic units in the world today，half are nation-states and th
19、e other half TNCs.In fact，only perhaps 4 or 5 per cent of the total population of TNCs in the world can be regarded as truly global corporations.But，their sheer individual magnitude gives them a significance out of all proportion to their numbers.For example，some three-quarters of the United States
20、transnational activity is performed by fewer than 300 firms；four-fifths of UK direct investment abroad is in the hands of around 150 firms. Text Text n The United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations（UNCTC）has identified a core of 600 transnational corporations in mining and manufacturing wi
21、th annual sales of more than $1 billion in 1985.This billion dollar club created more than one-fifth of the total industrial and agricultural production in the worlds market economies.Of the 600，a mere 74 TNCs accounted for 50 per cent of the total sales.In addition to these 600 TNCs，the UNCTC also
22、identified a further 365 major TNCs in business services.Table 3.1 lists some of the leading manufacturing TNCs in 1989.The table indicates the varied extent of transnationality even among the largest firms.For example，motor vehicle manufacturers figure prominently as major TNCs but they are not all
23、 equally involved in foreign production.Similar variation is apparent in other sectors such as chemicals and electrical production.Even so，the degree of foreign involvement by these giant firms is extremely high.In addition，during the postwar period the leading TNCs have become increasingly global in their operations. Text Text 谢 谢 聆 听T H A N K S F O R Y O U R A T T E N T I O N