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1、2021考研英语一真题及答案考试采取一题多卷模式，试题答案顺序不统一，请依据试题进行核对。SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractl
2、yinordertosolvenewproblems.It_(1)inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen_(2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But_(3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe_(4)ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidint
3、elligence.Thissuggeststhe_(5)thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor_(6)thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat_(7)measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand_(8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle
4、-agedpeople_(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat_(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears_(11).Forwomen,theassociationmaybe_(12)tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe_(13)Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould_(14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodiffe
5、rent_(15)formenandwomen._(16)therearestepsyoucan_(17)tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental_(18).Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour_(19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style_(20)thatishighinf
6、iberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.【题干】1._【选项】A.pausesB.returnC.peaksD.fades【答案】C2.【题干】2._【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D3.【题干】3._【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4._【选项】A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation【答案】B5.【题干】5._【选项】A.possibilityB.decis
7、ionC.goalD.requirement【答案】A6.【题干】6._【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize【答案】A7.【题干】7._【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C8.【题干】8._【选项】A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B9.【题干】9._【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A10.【题干】10._【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C11.【题干】11._【选项
8、】A.ranoutB.setoffC.drewinD.wentby【答案】D12.【题干】12._【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B13.【题干】13._【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C14.【题干】14._【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain【答案】D15.【题干】15._【选项】A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatments【答案】D16.【题干】16._【选项】A.
9、LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead【答案】B17.【题干】17._【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D18.【题干】18._【选项】A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination【答案】A19.【题干】19._【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A20.【题干】20._【选项】A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescription【答案】CSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA
10、Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasi
11、gnificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyears,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecost
12、ofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?EquallythereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthe
13、biggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,b
14、utpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGover
15、nmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritainsrailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyifthey
16、mustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.【题干】Theauthorholdsthatthis
17、yearsincreaseinrailpassengersfares_.【选项】A.willeasetrainoperationsburden.B.haskeptpacewithinflation.C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.D.remainsanunreasonablemeasure.【答案】D22.【题干】Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor_.【选项】A.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers【答案】B23.【题干】Itisindicatedin3
18、thattrainoperators_.【选项】A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.C.havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.【答案】C24.【题干】Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface_.【选项】A.thelossofinvestment.B.thecollapseofoperati
19、ons.C.areductionofrevenueD.achangeofownership.【答案】D25.【题干】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?【选项】A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?B.ConstantComplainingDoesntWorkC.CanNationalizationBringHope?D.Ever-risingFaresArentSustainable【答案】DLastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesiasbleakrateofd
20、eforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountrysantipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassi
21、stanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.Theyrealreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdontgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyall
22、eviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Thatsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdontprovecauseand
23、effect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndones
24、iaspoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesiasphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacro
25、ss15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,Ferrarosays.Thatslikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingth
26、emoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybodysguess.Ferrarosuggeststhei
27、mportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhatsgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.【题干】Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto_.【选项】A.facilitatehealthcareref
28、orm.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocaleducationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.【答案】B27.【题干】ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat_.【选项】A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.B.CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipovertyeffortsrequirethepar
29、ticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.【答案】D28.【题干】InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout_.【选项】A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofcctstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.【答案】C29.【题干】According
30、toFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat_.【选项】A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproduction.【答案】C30.【题干】Whatisthetextcenteredon?【选项】A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thet
31、ransferabilityofastudy.【答案】AAsahistorianwhosalwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,IvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).Ivefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter
32、-theyhavebeencausingquitestir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,IneedtoconcedethatmycollectionofSmilingVic
33、toriansmakesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,expo
34、suretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andso
35、anon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytodaysdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexpl
36、anationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regul
37、arpearlywhitesraresightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,prostitutesandbuffoonishmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrollsgum-exposingChes
38、hireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever.31.【题干】AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthorspostsonTwitter._【选项】A.changedpeoplesimpressionoftheVictori
39、ans.B.highlightedsocialmediasroleinVictorianstudies.C.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.【答案】A32.【题干】WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?_【选项】A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.
40、C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.【答案】B33.【题干】WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?_【选项】A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.【答案】D34.
41、【题干】MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas_.【选项】A.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.C.acontroversialview.D.athought-provokingidea.【答案】A35.【题干】Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?_【选项】A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstartviewphot
42、ographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?【答案】AFromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsi
43、tesovertheirrivals.Thatswhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-reg
44、ulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingbadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-line
45、votein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommissionsauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldntregulatebroadbandproviderseither.T
46、hecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeATTfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivalsstreamingservicesbutn
47、ottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthattheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.In