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1、高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气、特殊句式考点梳理（素材）高考英语情态动词和虚拟语气、特殊句式考点梳理考点1情态动词和虚拟语气一、情态动词1.情态动词的类型(1)只作情态动词的有：must,can (could),may (might),ought to(2)可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有：need,dare(3)可作情态动词也可作助动词的有：shall (should),will (would)(4)具有情态动词的某些特征的有：have (had) to,used to2.情态动词的特征(1)有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,要和动词原形连用构成谓语。(2)适用于主语的各种人称和数 (have to
2、例外,主语是第三人称单数时,要用has to)。We/He must work hard.我们/他一定要努力工作。I have to walk home.我得步行回家。He has to walk home.他得步行回家。(3)后面接动词原形。He may lose his way.他可能会迷路。You ought to obey the law.你应该遵守法律。(4)具有助动词的作用,即可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简略答语。I cant swim. Can you swim？No, I cant, either.我不会游泳,你会游泳吗？我也不会。3.情态动词的基本用法(1)can,coul
3、d用法 例句can表示现在一般的能力,could表示过去一般的能力,即不表示做与未做某事 Mary can speak three languages. 玛丽能说三门语言。 Tom could sing English songs at the age of 6.汤姆6岁就能唱英文歌了。表示请求、允许。在一般疑问句中,could可代替can,但比can语气更委婉,答语要用can Can/Could you help me？ Yes, I can. 你能帮我吗？ 可以。can表示具体事情发生的可能,常用于否定句、疑问句,表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等语气。can表示理论上的可能时可用于肯定句。coul
4、d表示推测时比can可能性小,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句 That cant be true.那不可能是真的。（具体事情发生的可能,表示不相信） Accidents can happen in this weather. 这种天气可能会发生事故。（理论上的可能性） It could be weeks before we get a reply. 我们可能要等好几个星期才得到回复。用于固定句型中：cant.too/enough（无论也不为过）；cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事；cant help but do sth.不得不做某事；cannot/could not but
5、do sth.不得不做某事 I cant thank him too much.我怎么感谢他也不为过。 I could not but admire her. 我不得不佩服她。(2)may,might用法 例句may表示请求或允许,意为：可以。might表示请求时语气更为委婉。might为may的过去式,常用于间接引语 You may leave the book where it was.你可以把书放在原来的位置。 She said I might call her at the weekend. （间接引语） 她说我可以周末给她打电话。may,might 表示推测,用于肯定句,意为“可能”
6、；may not意为“可能不”, 如表达“不可能”则用cant This coat may be Peters.这件大衣可能是彼得的。 This coat may not be Peters.这件大衣可能不是彼得的。may表示祝愿,其结构为：May+主语+动词原形 May you succeed！祝你成功！用于固定句型中：may/might as well do不妨,还是做为好；may/might well+do （=be very likely to do）很有可能做 So you might as well do what you love. 所以你不妨做你喜欢的事情。 Her appea
7、rance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her.她的模样变化如此大,你很有可能认不出她了。(3)must用法 例句表示必要性,意为：必须,其否定式为neednt/dont have to Must I give up smoking？ 我必须戒烟吗？ Yes, you must.是的,你必须。/No, you neednt/dont have to.不,你不必。mustnt表示：禁止,为may作“可以”讲时的否定式 You mustnt smoke here.你不可以在这里吸烟。表坚持,意为：偏要,非要 Must
8、you make so much noise？ 你就非得弄出这么大声吗？表推断,用于肯定句,意为：一定,准是 You must be tired after your long walk. 你走了那么长的路后,一定累了。(4)shall用法 例句表示征求对方意见或请求,用于第一、三人称的疑问句中 Shall I/he go to see you？ 我/他去看你,好吗？用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话者的意志,用来表达说话者给对方的命令、 警告、允诺等。在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为“应该；必须” You shall have a new dress for your bir
9、thday. 你过生日一定会有件新连衣裙。 Each petitor shall wear a number. 每个参赛者要戴一个号码。（规定）(5)should用法 例句=ought to,意为：应该。可表示义务上的“应该”,也可表示推测上的“按说应该” You should/ought to be listening.你应该听才对。（义务上的“应该”） He should/ought to arrive by now. 现在他按说应该到了。（推测上的“按说应该”）表示说话人的惊讶、难以置信等情绪,意为：竟然 Its strange that he should be late. 真奇怪,他
10、竟然会迟到。用作shall的过去式,置于I或we之后,表示打算或期望做的事 We knew that we should be leaving the next day.我们知道我们第二天就要走。与表示命令、建议、请求、要求的动词或名词连用用于表示与将来事实相反的if从句中(6)will,would用法 例句用于各种人称,表示主语的意愿和意志 He will take you home.他愿意送你回家。用于第二人称的一般疑问句,表示请求 Will/Would you go with me？你愿意和我一起去吗？will用来叙述目前的习惯；would表示过去的习惯 He would get up
11、early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。(7)need,dare分类 用法 例句实义动词 有人称和数的变化,可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句中,构成否定句或疑问句时要用助动词do,does, did He neednt do it.（情态动词） He doesnt need to do it.（实义动词） Dare you jump off the high wall？（情态动词） Do you dare（to） jump off the high wall？（实义动词） He dared not do it.（情态动词） He didnt da
12、re（to）do it.（实义动词） Try it if you dare e here. （情态动词）情态动词 没有人称和数的变化（dare可以有过去式dared）,直接接动词原形,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,构成否定句和疑问句时不用助动词另外,dare作情态动词时,还可用于条件句中；作实义动词时,dare用于疑问句或否定句,后面的to也可省略；I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,我认为”(8)“情态动词+have done”用法一览表情态动词+have done 用法 例句must have done 准是/一定做了 否定式为： cant/couldnt+have done It m
13、ust have rained last night,for the road is quite muddy. 昨晚一定下雨了,因为路很泥泞。can/could have done 1.本来能够做 2.过去可能会做 Can he have gone to his aunts？ 他有可能去他姨妈家了吗？cannot/could not have done 1.过去不可能做 2.过去没能够做 He cannot have forgotten it. 他不可能忘了那件事。may/might have done 也许/或许已经做了,一般只用于肯定句或否定句中（在否定句中表示“可能不”）,不用于疑问句,
14、用might则表示语气更加弱 Its too late.I think he may have gone to bed. 太晚了,我想他或许已经睡了。 He may not have finished the work. 他也许还没完成那项工作。should/ought to have done 本该做而实际上未做 You ought to have done this exercise more carefully. 你本应该更仔细地做这个练习。should not/ought not to have done 本不该做而做了 You shouldnt have told her the t
15、ruth. 你本不该告诉她真相。neednt have done 本不必做而做了 You neednt have taken a taxi here,for it is very near to your house. 你本来不必打的来这里的,因为这里离你家很近。had better have done 当时最好做了（其否定式had better not have done表达相反的含义） You had better not have scolded her. 要是那时你没责骂她就好了。would rather have done 宁愿当时做了（其否定式would rather not ha
16、ve done表达相反含义,两者都表示“后悔”之意） I raised objections at the meeting,but now I would rather not have done that. 我在会上提出了反对意见,但现在我宁愿没那么做。would like/love to have done 过去愿意做但未做成 I would love to have gone to the party last night,but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. 昨晚我本来很想去参加聚会的,但我得加班完成一个报告。(9)几组易混
17、情态(助)动词1)would,used to用法 例句would 表示过去反复的动作,常与every day, often, frequently等连用 When he was abroad, he would often read as many books as possible.在国外时,他总是尽可能多地读书。used to 表示过去的状态、习惯,但现在已经不存在 She doesnt get up so early as she used to.她不像以前那样起得那么早了。2)could,was able to,could have done用法 例句could 表示过去的能力,但不表
18、示是否做 He could ride a bicycle at the age of 5.五岁时他就会骑自行车了。was able to 表示过去有能力并且成功地做了,相当于managed to do sth. The fire spread very quickly but everyone was able to get out.火蔓延很快,但大家都成功地逃了出来。could have done 过去本有能力做某事,但没有做 I could have worked out the problem,but I was too nervous. 我本能够解出那道题,但当时我太紧张了。3)mus
19、t,have to用法 例句must 多表示由于主观需要或责任感而有必要、有义务去做某事,意为：必须 I must clean the room because it is too dirty.由于房间太脏了我必须打扫。have to 表示为客观条件、环境所迫而做某事,意为：不得不 He has to leave school because he cant afford his schooling.因为他付不起学费,所以不得不辍学。4)didnt need to do,neednt have done用法 例句didnt need to do 过去没必要做某事,不强调是否做 I didnt
20、get up that early yesterday, for I didnt need to.昨天我没那么早起床,因为没必要。neednt have done 过去没必要做某事,但做了 I neednt have got up that early yesterday but I had to because the dog barked all the time.昨天我本不必那么早起床,但是由于狗一直叫,所以我不得不起床。5)cant,wont,dont/doesntThe window wont open.这扇窗户怎么都打不开。(强调动作实施者执意要打开)The window cant
21、 open.这扇窗户打不开。(这扇窗户原来设计时就不能打开,是固定死的)The window doesnt open.这扇窗户开不开。(强调这扇窗户是坏的,存在质量问题)二、虚拟语气1.虚拟语气用于非真实条件句中从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 例句与现在 事实相 反 过去式（be动词用were） would/should/could/might+动词原形 If I were you, I would seize the chance.如果我是你,我就会抓住这个机会。与过去 事实相 反 had+过去分词 would/should/could/might+have+过去分词 If you had ta
22、ken my advice, you wouldnt have failed.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会失败。与将来 事实相 反 过去式 should+动词原形 were to+动词原形 would/should/could/might+动词原形 If he shouldnt e tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.如果他明天不来,我们就推迟这个会议。使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：用法 例句当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,这种句子被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整 If you had
23、 followed my advice, you would be better now.如果你听了我的建议,你现在就好一些了。（从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反）在if引导的非真实条件从句中,谓语动词含were,had,should,可将if省略,但需将were,had,should提到主语之前 If I were at school again, I would study harder.Were I at school again, I would study harder.如果我还有上学的机会,我会更加努力学习。有时假设的条件并不总是通过if引导的条件从句表达,而是隐含在某些词、
24、短语或上下文中,此种句子为“含蓄条件句”,常见的词或短语有：without,in case, but for, for fear that, otherwise等 Without your help,we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.=But for your help,.=If it had not been for your help,.=Had it not been for your help,.没有你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作。even if, even though 也可用于虚拟语气,其引导的从句的形式与if从句
25、在虚拟语气中的形式相同2.虚拟语气在wish,if only(=how I wish), as if后的从句中条件 从句谓语形式 例句从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生 过去式（be动词用were） If only/How I wish I were a flying bird！我多希望我是一只会飞的鸟儿啊！ He looks as if he were an artist.他看上去好像是名艺术家。从句谓语动作先于主句谓语动作发生 had+过去分词 If only I had seen the film！=How I wish I had seen the film！我要是看过那部电影该多好啊
26、！ She speaks English so fluently as if she had stayed in America for a long time.她说英语如此流利,好像她在美国待过很长时间似的。从句谓语动作后于主句谓语动作发生 would+动词原形 He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A. 他如此努力学习英语,就好像他要去美国。注意当句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生的或存在的事实时,as if从句要用陈述语气。It seems as if it is going to rain.天似乎要下雨。He wa
27、lks as if he is drunk.他走起路来像是醉了。3.虚拟语气用在主句含“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的名词性从句中类别 名词性从句谓语动词形式 例句should+动词原形（should可以省略） He suggested that we（should） start off early the next day. His suggestion was that we（should） start off early the next day.他建议我们第二天早点出发。 It was suggested that we（should） start off early the next d
28、ay. 人们建议我们第二天早点出发。一坚持：insist二命令：order, mand四建议：advise, suggest,propose, remend四要求：require, request,demand,ask注意suggest作“暗示,表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式(should+动词原形),而使用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的微笑暗示着他对我们的工作很满意。The man insisted that he had
29、 never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他从来没有偷过钱。4.虚拟语气用在“would rather+that从句”中条件 从句谓语形式 例句对现在或将来的虚拟 过去式（be用were） Id rather they didnt hear of the news.我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。对过去的虚拟 had+过去分词 Id rather I had not told him the bad news.我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。5.虚拟语气用在“It is (high) time+that从句”中that从句谓语形式 例句过去式或should+动词原形,且should
30、不能省略 It is（high）time that you went/should go to school.你们该去上学了。6.虚拟语气用在“It is necessary等+that从句”中在“It is necessary/important/vital/surprising/strange/natural/a pity/essential等+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。should表示感彩,意为：竟然。It is strange that the meeting (should) be put off till next
31、week.那个会议竟然被推迟到下周,真奇怪。It is a pity that you (should) have to leave.真遗憾你非得走。注意以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。Its strange that he didnt e yesterday.Its a pity that you cant dance.7.虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中由in case,for fear that,in order that,so that等引导的目的状语从句,其谓语动词用“could/should/might/would+动词原形”表示虚拟。They left early for fear tha
32、t they would meet him.他们动身很早以免和他碰面。I gave you a map so that you wouldnt get lost！我怕你迷路,给过你一张地图！考点2特殊句式一、祈使句1.祈使句的定义表示命令、建议、请求、禁止、警告、劝告等的句子。2.祈使句的形式肯定式 形式 例句动词原形（+其他成分） Stand there！站在那里！Let+宾语+动词原形 Let me have a break.让我歇会儿。Be+过去分词 Be seated, please.请坐。否定式 在肯定式前加dont或do not Dont be so sure.别那么有把握。 Pl
33、ease dont forget to take your medicine.请你不要忘了吃药。 Dont let him go！别让他走！Let+宾语+not+动词原形 Let him not stand in the rain.让他别站在雨里了。强调式 Do+动词原形 Do tell me the truth.务必和我说实话。Never+动词原形 Never e late.千万别迟到。No+（动）名词 No parking！禁止停车！3.带主语的祈使句(1)为了加强语气或要特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时,需加主语“you”,有时还可同时加称呼语。Tom,you water the flowe
34、rs！汤姆,你浇花！(2)命令或吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时,祈使句需加主语“you”,还可同时加称呼语。You,girls,clean the desks；you,boys,sweep the floor.你们女生,擦桌子。你们男生,打扫地板。(3)在表达“不高兴,厌烦”等情绪时,可加主语“you”。You mind your own business！你少管闲事！(4)祈使句的主语除了用“you”外,还可用“everybody,everyone”等,它们的位置可以放在句末。Be quiet,everyone！大家静下来！二、感叹句感叹词 结构 例句what What（+a/an）+形容词+名
35、词（+主语+谓语）！ What a clever boy he is！ =How clever the boy is！ =How clever a boy he is！ 多聪明的男孩子啊！ What beautiful flowers they are！ =How beautiful the flowers are！多美的花啊！ How wonderful（it is）！真棒！ How time flies！ 时间过得真快啊！how How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！How+形容词/副词（+主语+谓语）！How+主语+谓语！三、强调句分类 用法 例句陈述句 It is/was
36、+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that,被强调部分非“人”时用that It is I who/that am right.（强调主语）我是对的。 It was him that/who we met at the school gate.（强调宾语）我们在学校门口遇见的是他。 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.（强调状语）汤姆是在公园丢失了他的手表。一般疑问句 Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分？ Was it in 1939 that the Second World W
37、ar broke out？ 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他成分？ Who was it that broke the window？ 打破窗户的是谁？not.until. It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分 It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed. 直到10点他才上床睡觉。强调谓语 动词 将助动词do,did或does放在动词原形前 He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。 Tom does st
38、udy hard now. 现在汤姆的确学习很努力。四、there be句型1.there be句型概述there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物/人”。在这种结构中,there是引导词,be后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。There is a big tree in front of the classroom.教室前有棵大树。There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.明天上午8点在会议室有一个会议。2.there be句型的主谓一致如果有两个或
39、两个以上的主语,谓语动词be要采用就近一致原则。There is a pen,two books,and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支钢笔,两本书,还有许多铅笔。3.there be句型的时态there be句型有不同的时态形式,而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。There was a meeting in our school yesterday.昨天在我们学校召开了一个会议。There will be a new film on Sunday.星期日将上映一部新电影。There have been many great changes in our co
40、untry since then.自那时起,我们国家发生了很多巨大的变化。There cant be any mistakes in his passage.他的文章里不可能有什么错误。4.there be句型的谓语there be句型中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be, happen to be, is likely to be或用remain, stand, lie, go, e, exist, follow, live, occur等替换。There is likely to be something wrong with his puter.他的电脑可能有毛病。Once up
41、on a time there lived an old monk in the temple.从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。5.there be句型的非谓语形式There being no enough time left,we have to hurry.(Because there is no enough time left,.)所剩时间不够多了,我们得抓紧。(独立主格结构作状语)There having been no water for two days,the travelers were all very thirsty.(Because there had been no w
42、ater for two days.,)已经断水两天了,这些游客都口渴得很厉害。(独立主格结构作状语)What is the chance of there being an election this year？今年举行选举的可能性有多大？(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语)I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job.我希望他有很多机会找到工作。(there be的不定式结构作expect的宾语)6.there be的常用句型There is no point/sense (in)doing sth.做某事没有意义Th
43、ere is no doubt about./that.毫无疑问There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)没必要做某事There is no difficulty/trouble in doing sth.做某事没困难There is no chance/possibility of (doing) sth./that从句(做)某事没有可能五、反意疑问句反意疑问句由两部分构成：陈述部分+疑问部分。陈述部分是肯定形式时,疑问部分用否定形式,且否定形式必须为省略式；陈述部分是否定形式时,疑问部分用肯定形式,即“前肯定,后否定；前否定,后肯定”, 疑问部分的主
44、语要用代词。陈述部分和疑问部分的主语以及谓语动词的人称、数、时态通常要保持一致。1.陈述部分含有must/may(might)的反意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时,其反意疑问部分用neednt；当含有mustnt(不允许,禁止)时,其反意疑问部分用must或may。You must go now,neednt you？你现在必须走,不是吗？You mustnt smoke here,must/may you？你不要在这里吸烟,行吗？当must/may(might)表示推测,即must作“一定,准是”讲,may/might作“可能”讲时, 可首先将句子改为“I am (not)sure+that
45、从句”,反意疑问部分的动词形式根据be (not)sure后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。You must/may(might) be hungry now,？I am sure that you are hungry now, arent you？You must/may(might) be hungry now,arent you？你现在一定/可能饿了,不是吗？You must have heard about it,？I am sure that you have heard about it, havent you？You must have heard about it,havent
46、 you？你一定听说过这件事,不是吗？You must have watched that football match last night,？I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you？You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you？你昨晚一定看那场足球赛了,不是吗？(陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语last night)2.陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有used to时,其反意疑问部分用 usednt或
47、didnt均可。You used to sleep with the windows open, usednt/didnt you？你过去常开着窗户睡觉,不是吗？3.陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句陈述部分含有ought to时,其反意疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。He ought to attend the lecture,oughtnt/shouldnt he？他应该参加这场讲座,是不是？4.陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问部分用肯定形式。He could hardly walk without a walking stick,could he？没有拐杖他几乎不能走路,是吗？5.陈述部分含有否定前缀的反意疑问句如果陈述部分含有由表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词,其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。Tom dislikes playing tennis,doesnt he？汤姆