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1、考点13 情态动词和虚拟语气【命题解读】英语中常用的情态动词主要有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should，ought to，dare，need，used to，had better等。在学习情态动词时应注意以下几点：同一情态动词表示不同的意义的情况；情态动词后跟各种形式的用法；尤其要注意情态动词+完成式是高考中的重点所在。对虚拟语气的考查重点在于根据句子的语境灵活多样地运用虚拟语气，宾语从句中虚拟语气的应用，交际用语中为表示委婉而使用的虚拟语气，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，以及特殊句型中的虚拟语气等。【命题预测】情态动词是2021年各地高考
2、试题中的必考项目，每年高考单独命题区的单项填空必有一道考查情态动词的项目。新课标卷主要在语法填空和短文改错中考查。考点依次是：推测(可能性)请求/允许必要性特殊用法。试题的立意不偏不怪，但有效信息越来越隐蔽，语境越来越真实，考查角度越来越细致，这些因素在很大程度上增加了试题的难度。情态动词和虚拟语气与动词的时态和语态相结合的考查是近年来高考的趋势。【复习建议】 情态动词：1. 掌握情态动词的基本用法；2. 掌握情态动词表达情感、态度、语气等方面的用法。虚拟语气：1. 掌握虚拟语气的基本用法；2. 掌握含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；3. 掌握主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句的用法；情态动词考向一 情态动词的
3、基本用法1）can，could与be able to 1表示能力，意为能，会。Many people can use the computer.许多人会用电脑。If you have a good sleep，you will be able to work out this problem.如果你好好睡一觉，你将能够解出这道题。I could have worked out the problem，but I was too nervous.我本来可以解决这个问题，但我太紧张了。2）may与might 1表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustnt，表示不
4、可以禁止阻止之意。May I play basketball this afternoon?No，you mustnt.今天下午我可以打篮球吗？不，不行。2may/might as well动词原形意为最好，倒不如，may/ might well动词原形，意为很可能。He may/ might well stay in Beijing now.他现在很可能呆在北京。If you think the price of beef is too high，you might as well buy some pork.It depends on you.如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己
5、决定。might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。He might not come today. 今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定) You might also get a headache when you work too hard. 当你工作太努力时，你也可能患头痛。3）must与need 1must用于否定句，表示禁止，表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈。 need需要，有必要 ，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。You mustnt play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself.你千万不要玩刀，否则会伤到自己。
6、You neednt come here this afternoon. 你今天下午不必来。2. need也可用作行为动词，需要, 有必要，可以用于各种句式中。You dont need to go now. 你不必现在就走。I need to have a rest. 我需要休息一下。Do we need to finish all the work today? 我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗？【巧学妙记】need的用法助记口诀实义动词表需要，后接名、代、不定式。need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。情态动词表需要，没有人称、数之变。其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。【易混辨析】dare和nee
7、d 1. dare作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，过去式形式为dared。 How dare you say Im unfair? He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? If we dared not go there that day, we couldnt get the beautiful flowers. 2. need 作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。 You neednt come so early. Ne
8、ed I finish the work today? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. 3. dare和 need作实义动词用时，有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 I dare to swim across this river. He doesnt dare (to) answer. He needs to finish his homework today.4)will与would 1表示请求、建议等，would比will委
9、婉客气。Would you mind opening the window for me?请你给我打开窗户好吗？2will和would表示意志、愿望和决心。I will never talk to him again. 我再也不愿意和他说话了。3will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有总是或总要之意。Fish will die without water.没有水，鱼会死去。5)shall，should与ought to 1shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。Shall we begin our new lesson today?我们今天开始上新课好吗？2sh
10、all用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。You shall be punished for what you have done.你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。3should表示义务、职责等，意为应该。You should be strict with yourself as an officer.作为一名官员，你应该严格要求自己。4ought to表示应该。You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。5shall还可表示法律、规定和条例中规定的应该。Whoeve
11、r drives through a red light shall be fined at least 200 yuan.不论谁驾车闯红灯，罚款至少200元。 1. (2020·全国I卷·短文改错) I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook.【答案】frying fried; 去掉 to 【解析】本句中 fry 与其逻辑主语 tomatoes 是被动关系，故将现在分词 frying 改为过去分词 fried；情态动词 must 后应用动词原形。 2.
12、(2020·天津卷7月·单项填空 T1)Jim says we _ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .A. mustB. canC. needD. should【答案】B【解析】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即:我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。故
13、选B。考向二情态动词表推测的用法1can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为有时会；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为可能，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，cant意为不可能，语气很强烈。As we all know，an experienced teacher can make mistakes.众所周知，一位有经验的老师也会犯错。He cant have left. His coat is here.他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。Mr Bush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for t
14、he meeting？布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？2may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为有可能；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may not意为可能不，表示一种不太确定的语气。What are you doing this Saturday?Im not sure，but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.本周六你打算干什么？还说不定，但我可能会去滚石音乐会。3must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为一定，必定，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。Someone mus
15、t have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。4should用来表示推测时意为应该，即含有按道理来说应当如此的意思。There shouldnt be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。考向三情态动词have done的用法情态动词have done用法must have done一定做过某事，其
16、否定形式为cant/couldnt have donecan/could have done(1)本来能够做但却未做(2)可能做过某事cant/couldnt have done不可能做过某事may/might have done或许/可能做过某事should/ought to have done本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了neednt have done做了本没有必要做的事情1.must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成一定做过某事，该结构只用于肯定句。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is we
17、t. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。2.cant have done表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成不可能做过某事。Mr Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。Mary cant have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。3.can have
18、 done表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成可能做过吗？。There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？4.could have done是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。
19、5.may have done表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是可能已经或也许已经，用于肯定句中。 What has happened to George? 乔治发生了什么事？I dont know. He may have got lost. 我不知道，他可能迷路了。6.might have done表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。 She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。7.wo
20、uld have done虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来会。I would have told you all about the boys story, but you didnt ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。8.should have done意思是本来应该做某事，而实际没做。shouldnt+have+done表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨
21、天就做完的。Look, Tom is crying. I shouldnt have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本不应该对他如此严厉的。9.ought to have done表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成理应做，往往表示遗憾。与should have done用法基本一样。 I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。10.need have done表示本来需要做某事而实际没有做。neednt
22、 have done则表示本来不需要做某事而实际做了I neednt have bought so much wine only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldnt have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站的，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。 1. (2020·天津卷·单项填空)3. You _ have scolded him for his poor performance. After
23、 all, he had done his best.A. mustB. shouldC. mustntD. shouldn't【答案】D【解析】考查情态动词+ have done。句意：你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知此处表示“本不该”是 shouldn't have done指做了本不该做的事，must have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定性推测；should have done表示应当做某事而实际上未做；mustnt不和have done连用。故选D。虚拟语气考向一if条件句中的虚拟语气1）if条件句中的虚拟语气if条件从句
24、从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况动词过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/could/might动词原形表示过去情况had过去分词should/would/could/mighthave过去分词表示将来情况should动词原形should/would/could/might动词原形动词过去式were to动词原形If I were you，I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadnt offered us a ride home.如
25、果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。【巧学妙记】虚拟语气记忆口诀虚拟语气表愿望；If句中三情况；与现事实若相反；从过全were 主would原；过从had过分连；Would have过分键；从过were to should原；Would动原主将反。2）错综时间条件句的虚拟语气 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。If you had followed the doctors advice，you would be better now.如果你当时听医生建议的话，你现在就好多了。3）省略if
26、的倒装句在条件句中可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，变为倒装句式。If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我重回学校，我会更加努力学习。If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. 要是你来的再早点，你可能就赶上公交了。If it should rain tomorrow, w
27、e would not go climbing. Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 要是明天下雨，我们就不去爬山了。4）含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中。 （1）用but for 、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句。Without electricity human life would be quite different.=If there were no electricity, human life would be quite different. 如
28、果没有电，人类的生活将会有很大不同。 （2）用otherwise、or(or else)、even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。I lost your address. Otherwise, I would have visited you long before. =I lost your address. If I hadnt lost your address, I would have visited you long before. 你的地址我弄丢了，要不我早就去拜访你了。（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。He would have given you mo
29、re help,but he was too busy. 他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果那时他不忙。He would lose weight,but he eats too much. 他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃得太多了。也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果他吃得不多。 1. (2019天津T14)The workers were not better organized, otherw
30、ise they _ the task in half the time.A. accomplishedB. had accomplishedC. would accomplishD. would have accomplished【答案】D【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，
31、故选D。2.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we _a good time together.A. hadB. will haveC. would have hadD. had had【参考答案】C【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。根据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他，故选
32、C。考向二从句中的虚拟语气1）用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为should动词原形，should可以省略。Her mother suggested that she should go and see the doctor.她妈妈建议她去看医生。【特别提醒】 suggest表暗示，insist表坚持认为时不用虚拟语气。 试比较： He insisted
33、 that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 2）用于主语从句中常见句型：It is important/necessary/urgent/essential/ . + that. It is sbs
34、 order/desire/suggestion/advice/ . + that. It is suggested/advised/demanded/requested/ . + that 从句谓语形式：（should+）动词原形It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m. 军队必须在上午4点之前到达那里。It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day. 我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。It is suggested that the meeting (shou
35、ld) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。3）用于表语从句和同位语从句中在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是should动词原形，should可以省略。His demand is that the boy should go with him.他要求这个男孩和他一起去。Our suggestion is that you (should) be the first to go. 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。He issued the
36、order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。4）wish 宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) +从句主语+动词过去式（be一律用were。I wish I knew everything in the world. 我希望我知道世界上的一切。I wish that the experiment were a success. 我希望实验是成功的。2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have
37、 + 过去分词或had + 过去分词。I wish that you had called yesterday. 我希望你昨天打来电话。I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there. 我没有去参加聚会，但我真希望我去过那儿。3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might +动词原形。I wish that he could try again. 我希望他能再试一次。I wish that someday I should live on
38、the moon. 我希望有一天我能在月球上生活。5）would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为宁愿；但愿。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。I would rather he had passed the exam.我宁愿他通过了那次考试。6）在It is (about/high) timethat从句中，谓语动词常用过去式或should动词原形表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。Its high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection.是我们致力于环境保护的时候
39、了。7）as if，as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.他们谈啊谈好像永远不会再见面一样。8）if only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。Look at the trouble were in.If only we had taken our teachers advice！看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空) Its
40、;strange that he _ have taken the books without the owners permission.A. would B. shouldC. could D. might【参考答案】B【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that.”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟
41、语气，其中的should可以省略。故选B。2. (2018江苏T27)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _ a second chance to become more involved.A. had B. will haveC. would have had D. have had【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。题组一 基础过关下列各句均有一处错误, 请标出并
42、改正。1.1f my brother was here，everything would be all right.2. If he hadnt been caught in the storm yesterday, he will not be ill now.3. Therefore we strongly suggested that similar events are held every year. bad la4. The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China Daily after the dead
43、line. 5. We must found ways to protect our environment6. Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they must just be quiet people.7. -Its the office! So you may know eating is not allowed here.-Oh, sorry.8. If you made better use of your time, you might have learned more.9. Eye
44、 doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam was at the age of six months old. 10. It mustn t be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.题组二 能力提升1. (2020届江苏省南京市高三第三次模拟) You really did a good job,Robert! I was just doing my job and anyone in my po
45、sition_the same like me.A. might doB. could doC. should have doneD. would have done2. (2020届天津市河东区高三学习检测)Jenny _ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.A. mustB. shouldC. needD. would3. (2020届天津市河北区高三一模)According to a newly released regulation on online video services, no one _ genera
46、te, release or spread fake news or information by using such technologies.A. canB. shallC. willD. may4. (2020届天津市和平区高三线下第一次模拟考试) There are over 50,000 signs in modern Chinese but luckily, Chinese children _ learn all of them for everyday purpose.A. needn'tB. mustn'tC. can'tD. won't5. (2020届天津市滨海七所重点学校高三毕业班联考)Every coin has two sides. Beautiful songs, sometimes, _ just be noise to others.A. mustB. shouldC. mayD. would6.