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1、动词-ing形式复习编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞概念引入 在初中和高一，我们已经学过动词-ing形式的用法，而在学习过去分词的过程中，也穿插着与动词-ing形式的用法的区别，那么在本单元我们就把学过的有关动词-ing形式的内容复习并小结一下。 看下面句子： 1. Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. 2. I was appointed as a volca
2、nologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory twenty years ago. 3. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. 4. Are you interested in studying rocks and other things that make up the surface of the earth? 5. Can
3、you imagine doing such dangerous work as part of your job? 这些句子中斜体词部分都是动词-ing形式及其宾语或状语等构成的短语，句1中短语作状语；句2中短语作定语，而且动词-ing形式带有状语“for.”；句3中短语作表语，表语中Mount Kilauea又带有which引导的定语从句；句4中短语作介词的宾语，而studying的宾语rocks and other things也带有that引导的定语从句；句5中短语作动词的宾语。那么动词-ing形式的用法是什么？使用时我们要注意什么呢？用法讲解动词-ing形式概述1. 特点：1. 动词
4、-ing形式（v-ing形式）是英语三大非谓语动词之一，另两个是不定式和过去分词；2. 有动词特征：有时态和语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语；3. 有名词、形容词和副词的特征：可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。4. 可分为现在分词和动名词：现在分词相当于形容词或副词，一般作定语、状语、补足语和表示特点的表语；动名词相当于名词，一般作主语、宾语和表示主语内容的表语。2. 构成： 基本形式：doing否定形式:“not doing”注意：无论在完成式还是被动式里,not必须置于v-ing形式之前。动词-ing形式的时态、语态态语时态主动语态被动语态一般式writing
5、being written完成式having writtenhaving been written3. 功能：非谓语形式的所作成分对比主语 定语 宾语 表语 状语 宾语补足语 v-ing形式不定式过去分词小结： 1. v-ing形式与不定式一样，可以作除了谓语外所有成分。2. 过去分词因其只有形容词和副词的特点，不能作主语和宾语。动词-ing形式的时态、语态1. 动词-ing形式时态：1）一般式: doing/ being done表示v-ing形式的动作正在进行或与谓语表示的动作同时或之后发生。2）完成式: having done/ having been done强调v-ing形式的动作在
6、谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。（talk/laugh与went同时进行，用一般式）Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.由于已经在这个城市住了三年,她对它非常了解。（强调live在knows之前已经完成，用完成式）Standing on top of the hill, you can see as far as the seaside. 站在山顶，你可以看到海边。Havi
7、ng finished his homework, the boys went out to play football. 做完作业，男孩们去踢足球了。2. 动词-ing形式的语态：1）主动式：doing/ having done2) 被动式：being done/ having been doneI stole into the room without being noticed. 我偷偷地进了房间，没有人注意到。（分词动作notice与“我”是被动关系，用被动语态；“被注意到”与“偷偷进入”是同时发生，用一般式；所以用一般式的被动态being noticed）Having been ch
8、eated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗，她现在对任何人都不信任。 (分词动作cheat与she是被动关系，且强调在谓语动作believes之前发生，所以用完成式的被动语态having been cheated。)注意：1）v-ing形式的完成式的被动语态，有时用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其口语中。2）need, require, want, deserve+ v-ing形式表示被动The flowers need watering every day. = The flowers need to be watered ev
9、ery day. 花儿需要每天浇水。（虽然“花”与“浇水”是被动关系，但是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动）但是：I need to water the flowers every day. 我需要每天给花浇水。动名词的复合结构：相当于名词的动词-ing形式有时其逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而有自己的逻辑主语，这时要用动名词的复合结构：物主代词/名词的所有格+ v-ing形式I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 你今天下午给我打电话我很感激。What worried the child most was his not being
10、 allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.最让那个孩子担心的是不让他到医院看他妈妈。We are looking forward to the doctors coming to see her. 我们都盼着医生来给她看病。注意：在口语中，v-ing形式的复合结构作宾语时，可用名词的普通格，或代词的宾格；但在句首作主语，则不行。I can hardly imagine Peter/Peters sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我不能想象彼得五天内横渡大西洋。Would you min
11、d my/ me using your telescope? 用一下你的望远镜介意吗？Your going there will help a lot. 你到那里对事情将大有帮助。【高清课堂：语法精讲 - 非谓语动词之v-ing： 作主语】v -ing形式的句法功能：作主语此时的v-ing形式是动名词，而动名词更体现其名词功能，动名词作主语，相当于名词，指一件事情。Working is good exercise. 工作就是很好的锻炼方式。Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南北方爆发了战争。注意：有时为了平衡句子结构，可用i
12、t作形式主语，而把v-ing形式置后。It is pleasant working with you. 跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。几个常用句型：1. Its no good (no use, fun, a waste of time) doing 做某事没有好处（没有用，有趣，浪费时间）。Its no good reading in dim light. 在昏暗的灯光下读书是没有好处的。Its no use sitting here waiting. 坐在这里等待是没有意义的。2. There is no use/ no point/fun in doing sth. 做某事没有用/有趣。注
13、意：fun意为“快乐（的事），有趣（的事）”，是不可数名词，什么时候也不加冠词a。There is no point in waiting here. 在这里等着没有用。但是there be句型中并不都用v-ing形式，下面句型用不定式：There is no need/hope/possibility to do sth. 没有必要/希望/可能做某事。注意：不定式也可以作主语，与动名词的区别不大，但是常用句型不同，要认真区别。v-ing形式的句法功能：作宾语（1）动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词和某些形容词的宾语。1. 作动词的宾语用-ing形式作宾语的动词：这类动词的宾语只
14、能用-ing形式，而不用不定式。Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了！I suggest doing it in a different way. 建议用另一种方法做这件事。这类动词常考的有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意fancy想不到,设想 feel like意欲 finish完成risk 冒险 in
15、clude 包括 forgive 原谅give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想，想象 cannot help 情不自禁 be worth 值得 be busy 忙于附：记忆口诀1建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，值得开始想动名。记忆口诀2喜欢花费 忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习错过建议 保持介意 值得考虑v -ing形式的句法功能：作宾语（2） 既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语1）有些动词，接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不大，如：begin, start, cont
16、inue, hate, like, love, prefer等。They prefer spending/ to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。Lets continue playing/ to play the PC game. 咱们继续玩电脑游戏吧。注意：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。如：避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 应改成：I am starting to learn Russian.2）有些动词，接动词-ing形式或不定式区别很大，如：l forget/ reme
17、mber/ regret to do sth. 忘记/记得/遗憾要做某事 doing / having done/ to have done sth. 忘记/记得/后悔做过某事I forgot to tell you about it. 我忘记告诉你那件事了。I remembered giving the book to Li Lei, but he said I didnt. 我记得我把书给李雷了，但是他说我没有给。I regretted breaking the rules of our class. = I regretted having broken/ to have broken
18、the rules of our class. 我后悔违反了班规。l mean to do . 打算做，想要做 doing . 意味着，意思是I didnt mean to bother you. 我本不想打扰你。What he said means going there by air. 他的话的意思是坐飞机去那儿。l try to do设法做，尽力做doing试着做Ill try to catch up with my class. 我将尽力赶上同学们。I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary. 我试着不查词典来阅读
19、课文。l cant help (to) do. 不能帮忙做某事 doing. 禁不住做某事The medicine cant help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。The girl couldnt help crying when she saw her mother again. 当小女孩再次看到母亲时，她情不自禁地哭了起来。l go on/ stop to do sth 继续/停下来去做另一件事doing 继续/ 停止正在做的事 Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished thi
20、s one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房间里一点声音也没有了。v -ing形式的句法功能：作宾语（3）2. 作介词的宾语：英语中除了介词but/ except外，介词后一般接动词-ing形式作宾语。He studied ways of keeping seeds.他研究了种子的保存方法。She looks forward every spring to walking in the flower-lined garden. 每年春天她盼望着在铺满鲜花
21、的公园里散步。熟记这些短语:其中的to都是介词：add up to 结果是 admit to 承认 be equal to 等于devote. to把.献给 get/ be used to 习惯于 look forward to 盼望 lead to 导致 object to/ be opposed to反对 pay attention to 注意see to 注意，处理 stick to 坚持 3. 作形容词busy worth的宾语：The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这首曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy pr
22、eparing for the sports meet. 我们正忙着为运动会做准备。v -ing形式的句法功能：作表语和定语作表语1. 表示主语的内容，相当于名词，这时的v-ing形式可称为动名词。Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。注意：不定式也可以作表语，与动名词区别不大。2. 表示主语的特征，相当一个形容词，这时的v-ing形式可称为现在分词。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。作定语1. 说明所修饰词的用途，表示“供作之用”。这时
23、v-ing形式与名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，是动名词。 reading room阅览室 walking sticks手杖 a booking office 售票厅2. 说明所修饰词的性质或动作，表示“的”。此时v-ing形式与名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。是现在分词。the boy lying under the big tree 躺在树下的男孩（lie的动作是the boy做的） a puzzling problem 困扰人的问题 （“问题”使人困惑）注意：1）选择v-ing形式还是过去分词作定语取决于动词与所修饰词的主动或者被动的关系，即其逻辑主语是其所修饰词。a letter offering
24、me the job = a letter which offered me the job 一封给我这份工作的信a letter written by his boss = a letter which was written by his boss 一封老板写来的信2）动词-ing形式的完成式常用来作状语，一般不作定语。 the temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake 被地震毁坏的庙宇3）不定式作定语常表示将来，对比：the bridge to be repaired 要修的桥 being repaired 正在修理的桥 repa
25、ired last year 去年修的桥【高清课堂：语法精讲 - 非谓语动词之v-ing：宾补】v -ing形式的句法功能：作宾语补足语1. 某些动词后的宾语补足语：动词-ing形式常用于see, hear, watch, let, get, have, keep, find等动词后作宾语补足语。 I saw him coming last night. 我看见他正往这儿来。 （v-ing形式表示动作正在发生）I heard him singing a song in the classroom. 我听到他正在教室里唱歌。We have the fire burning all day. 我们
26、让火整天燃烧着。（burn是易错词，表示“火在燃烧”时，要用主动形式）The baby watched his dad shaving his face. 这个小男孩注视着他爸爸在刮胡子。2. with的复合结构: 介词with也可以接宾语加宾语补足语。He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他不久就睡着了，灯仍然亮着。（with.表伴随，“灯亮着”是主动关系，用v-ing形式）The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 今天天气非常好，微风吹拂。We went into a la
27、rge waiting room with a large fan spinning overhead. 我们走进一间大候诊室，头顶一扇大风扇在转着。3. 注意: 1）能带v.-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有两类： a. 表示感官和心理状态的动词，如：notice, smell, feel, observe, catch等； b. 使役动词，如：have, get, leave, set, send等。 2）不定式和过去分词也可以作宾语补足语，v.-ing形式强调动作正在进行，不定式一般表示动作的全过程，表示动作已经结束或即将发生；过去分词一般表示与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人完成
28、。 3）非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语是前面的宾语，即：要看动词和前面的宾语是主动关系还是被动关系。 We heard her singing next door. 我们听到她正在隔壁唱歌。（主动、进行） We heard her often sing next door. 我们听到她常在隔壁唱歌。（主动、完成） We heard the song sung by her. 我们听这首歌被她唱过。（被动、完成） We heard the song being sung next door. 我们听见隔壁有人在唱这首歌。（被动、进行）v -ing形式的句法功能：作状语动词-ing形式可以作
29、状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. （时间）我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。（原因）His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。（结果）Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to
30、his cottage. （条件）向右转你会找到通往他的茅舍的小路。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. （让步）尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.（伴随）他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。注意：1.表示强调或出于表达需要，有时作状语的v-ing形式前常加一个连词：when, while, after, before, if, though, whether, unless, as if 等，相当于省略了主语和部分
31、谓语的状语从句。Though being ill (= Though he was ill), he would not take a rest. 虽然病了，但他仍不愿休息。2. 不定式作状语，一般表示目的、原因（多在表示情感的词后）、结果（出乎意料的结果或too. to, enough to等结构）。 I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来只是向你告别。（目的） What have I said to make you angry? 我说了什么让你这么生气？（结果） I am pretty pleased to hear the news tha
32、t you are elected as the president of the club. （原因） 听说你被选为俱乐部主席，我非常高兴。3. v-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语，如果不是，要加上动作的执行者，即独立主格结构，形式是：名词/代词(主格)+ v-ing形式Mary coming back, they discussed it together. 玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论那件事。The moon having risen, they took a walk in the field.月亮升起后，他们在田野里散步。v-ing形式作独立成分有些惯用的v-ing形式的短
33、语在句中可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在，作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，有些已经转化为介词短语。如：according to 根据 judging from/by从判断 talking of谈到 coming to 论及(说到) allowing for考虑到 considering 考虑到generally speaking 总地说来 frankly speaking坦率地说 roughly speaking粗略地说honestly speaking诚实地说 properly speaking恰当地说 strictly speaking严格地说Judging by/from his accent, he must be from the south. 从口音来判断，他一定是个南方人。Strictly speaking, the article needs revising. 严格地说，这篇文章需要修改。