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1、复习名词性从句作主、宾、表编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞概念引入 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，其功能相当于名词。综观近几年的高考英语试题，名词性从句是必考项之一。在本单元中，我们将对名词性从句的考点一一剖析。 先看下面句子： 1. That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 2. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that th
2、ere will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 3. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. 4. The fact that they arrived a long ti
3、me before Europeans is what matters.这些句子中斜体词部分都是名词性从句，句1是why引导的表语从句；句2是that引导的后置的主语从句；句3是that引导的宾语从句，而句4是that引导的同位语从句，而is后是what引导的表语从句。本单元我们将复习名词性从句中的主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，而同位语从句的用法将在下一单元复习。用法讲解考点综述：语序从近几年高考题来看，对名词性从句的考查最重要的两点是：1. 语序 2. 连接词的选择。名词性从句的语序：陈述句语序。 无论名词性从句的引导词是什么，成为从句前是一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句，其语序都是陈述句语序。注意
4、连接词一般放在从句句首。如： The problem is what he has done to the little boy. 问题是他对这个小男孩做了什么。 Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. 这事对我们有好处还是有坏处还尚待分晓。高考题例：When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _.A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is en
5、teringC. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering解析：答案为B。引导词应在从句句首，排除A、C；宾语从句用陈述句语序，排除D。考点综述：连接词的选择1这是名词性从句必考的内容，亦是一个难点。解题的关键是弄清连接词在从句中的句法功能及连接词之间的异同，而连接词的选择要依句子结构及上下文的语境来决定。1. that that在从句不作成分，没有实际意思，在宾语从句中有时可省略，而主语、表语、同位语三个从句中一般不省略。We must never think (that) we are good in everything
6、 while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。That they are good at English is known to us all. 他们擅长英语这一点我们都知道。 2. if, whether 在从句中不作成分，意思是“是否”，不可省略。注意whether. or . 意为“是否.还.”。I am not sure whether/ if he still works here. 我不确定他是否仍然在这里工作。if与whether的区别：whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但下列情况常用whether不用i
7、f： 位于句子开头时 引导表语从句和同位语从句时 引导动词discuss和介词后的宾语从句时 其后紧跟or not时 后接动词不定式时 用if引导会引起歧义时Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. 会议是否延期还没有决定呢。The question is whether they have so much money. 问题是他们是否有那么多钱。We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. 我们应该认真讨论我们是否
8、做这件事。It all depends on whether they will come back. 这取决于他们是否会回来。I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否到了武汉。I have not decided whether to go or not. 我还没有决定是否去。考点综述：连接词的选择2 3. 疑问词： 这类连接词在从句中充当成分，引导的从句由问句变来，常用的有what, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, how many等。 What made t
9、he school proud was that most of the students had been admitted to key universities. 让这所学校引以为自豪的是大多数的学生被重点大学录取。（what引导主语从句且在从句中作主语。）She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。注意：1）连接名词性从句的疑问词除了有疑问的含义外，有些词不含疑问含义： what 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语等，意义上相当于the thing(s) that，表示“.的东西”。What we cant get see
10、ms better than what we have.我们得不到的东西好像比我们已有的好。 where, when, why, how引导表语从句，分别表示地点、时间、原因和方式。A reading room is where you can read books. 阅览室是能读书的地方。This is why we put off the meeting. 这就是我们推迟会议的原因。Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天就是最方便的时间。2）what和that的区别l that在从句中不充当成分，只起引导作用；而what在从句中作主
11、语、宾语、表语等。l that没有任何意义，而what表示“什么”或“.的事情”，相当于the thing(s) that。What I cant understand is why he has changed his mind. 我不明白的事情是为什么他改了主意。The question is what we can do to save her. 问题是我们能做什么去挽救她。Father made a promise that if I passed the examination he would buy me a computer.父亲许诺如果我考试及格了，就给我买台电脑。3）名词性
12、从句中感叹句引导词what和how感叹句出现在名词性从句中时，其语序仍用陈述句语序，what和how的用法也与其在感叹句中相同。You never thought what a wonderful time we had at the party. 你想不到我们在晚会上玩得是多么开心。You cant imagine how excited I was then. 你无法想象我那时是多么激动。4. -ever类：这类连接词在从句中充当成分，常见的有whatever, whoever, whosever (无论是谁的), whenever, wherever等。 Well do whatever
13、 we can to save her. 我们会尽全力来挽救她。 Take whichever seat you like. 你喜欢哪个座位就坐哪个座位吧。 Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work.无论谁得到这个职位都会有很多工作。注意：1. whatever, whoever等是表示任何一个人或事物等，无范围可言，语气比who，what等强烈，相当于any+名词+that/ who。如whoever相当于anyone who。 2. “no matter + 疑问词”也有“无论什么（谁/.）”之意，但是不引导名词从句，只引导状语从句，而-ev
14、er类连接词既引导名词性从句，也引导状语从句。考点综述：名词性从句与虚拟语气1. suggest类及其派生词 1）这类词的动词、名词及过去分词形式所涉及到的名词性从句的谓语一般都用虚拟语气。 2）这类词有：suggest , insist, request, require, demand, order, command, advise, recommend等。3）虚拟语气构成：should +动词原形（should可省）He suggested that more teachers should be sent there to help them. (宾语从句) 他建议应该派更多的老师去那
15、里帮助他们。 Its suggested that the students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country. 有人建议这些学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。（主语从句）My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of setting it aside. 我的建议是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不是把它放在一边。（表语从句）2. Its +形容词/名词+that.此句型的形容词如果是importan
16、t, necessary, appropriate, proper, right, essential, strange, natural等或名词a surprise, an idea等，that从句的谓语用虚拟语气，形式是：should +动词原形（should可省）。Its proper that an independent inquiry (should) take place. 进行独立调查很合适。Its strange that tourists (should) never visit this place. 奇怪的是游客竟然从不参观这个地方。3. wish后的宾语从句中 I w
17、ish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个答案。(与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时)I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(与过去事实相反-从句谓语用过去完成时)You wished she would arrive the next day. 你希望她第二天会到。 (与将来事实相反-从句谓语用would+动词原形)从句疑难：主语从句1. 形式主语it1）主语从句过长时经常后置，而用it作形式主语代替主语从句；2）what从句一般放句首，不用it作形式主语；3）在句中的连接词tha
18、t偶尔省略，whether有时也用if代替。It made us surprised that he suddenly fell ill. 他的突然生病让我们震惊。It was not certain whether he passed the exam. 他是否通过了考试还不确定。2. 重点句型1) It + be+名词+ that从句这些名词有：no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise等。Its a pity that we cant go. 真遗憾我们不能去。 Its no surprise that our team
19、should have won the game. 我们队赢得比赛没有什么可惊奇的。2) It +be +形容词+ that从句 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 她考试会考得好这一点是确定的。 It is possible that the boy himself told her everything. 也许是男孩自己告诉她一切的。3) It + be+ 过去分词+ that从句这些过去分词有：said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged等。It
20、 is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。 =Mr. Green is said to have arrived in Beijing. It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.=China is reported to have sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道，中国发射了另一颗人造卫星。4) It +特殊动词+that从句这
21、些动词有：seem (似乎), appear (似乎), happen (碰巧), matter (要紧), turn out (结果是)等。It seemed that Alice is not coming to the party at all. 似乎爱丽丝根本不会来聚会。 It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧那天我出去了。3. 主语从句的主谓一致1）从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数；2）由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；3）由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。4）what引导的从句根
22、据表达的含义来确定谓语动词的单复数。When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. 会议什么时候开始还没有决定。When and where well go isnt decided. 何时走去哪里还没有定下来。What we need are books/ is water. 我们需要的是书/水。从句疑难：表语从句1. 表语从句的引导词that、whether一般不省略。if不引导表语从句。The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们输了比赛。The point is whether w
23、e should lend him the money. 要点是我们是否应该借给他钱。 2. as, as if, as though, because有时也引导表语从句。Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总是像它们看起来的那个样子。It is because I have ever heard of the story. 那是因为我已经听过这个故事了。She looks as if she would cry. 她看起来好像要哭了。3. 主语是reason时，表语从句用that引导。The reason why he was late
24、 is that he had to help his mother with the chickens.他迟到的原因是他必须帮他妈妈照顾鸡。从句疑难：宾语从句【高清课堂：复习名词性从句-宾语从句】. 接宾语从句的词：1. 及物动词Do you think my clothes fit well? 你认为我的衣服合身吗？I dont know who did all the cleaning. 我不知道是谁做的卫生。Have you decided whom you will take to Australia? 你决定带谁去澳大利亚呢？She still wondered when she
25、would leave school. 她仍然想知道她什么时候会离开学校。I am wondering whether/if the dress is too short. 我正在想这件衣服是不是太短了。He advised me which books I should read. 他建议过我该读哪本书。2. 介词Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为做过的事遗憾吗？The singer still worries about where to live. 那个歌手仍然担心要住在哪里。（about后接的是“疑问词+to do”，是宾语从句where he/
26、she lives省略的表达）The price depends on how many you will buy. 价格取决于你要买多少。His father was not satisfied with what he had. 他父亲不满意他拥有的东西。3. 形容词 I am sure you looked beautiful that evening. 我肯定你那天晚上非常漂亮。I am not sure whether he still works here.注意：常引导宾语从句形容词有sure，certain，afraid，confident（确信），happy等。练一练：1. A
27、s a new graduate, he doesnt know _ it takes to start a business here.A. how B. what C. when D. which2. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A. how you have observed B. how what you have observedC. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 3. My parents used _ they had t
28、o get a new car for me.A. which B. that C. what D. all what4. He said that he was fond of _.A. what beautiful is B. what is beautiful C. beautiful is what D. what it is beautiful 解析：1. B。know后接宾语从句，其句意：他在这里创业需要什么。缺的成分是takes的宾语，名词性从句中表示事情时用what。2. B。show后接双宾语，从句谓语can be used表明缺少一个事物作主语，所以选B，what引导的从句
29、作宾语从句的主语，而要展示的是“你已经观察到的东西”怎样在其它的语境中应用。3. C。一个词表示事物，且在从句中作成分的用what（had的宾语），to get.是目的状语。4. B。of后接宾语从句，用陈述句语序，排除C；选项D中what与it重复，排除；选项B中what与is是主谓关系，所以is不需要置后，排除A。. 用法提示1. 形式宾语it 1）宾语从句如果有宾语补足语时，从句经常后置，而用it作形式宾语。 We thought it strange that Mike did not come yesterday.我们感觉麦克昨天没有来很奇怪。（宾语补足语很短，that从句后置，前用
30、it作形式宾语，以保持句子的平衡）I thought it very impossible that she would come. 我认为她来是不可能的。They took it for granted that the singer was coming. 他们想当然地认为这个歌星要来。2）表示喜欢、憎恶等心理活动的动词后常接it，再接宾语从句。如：hate, enjoy, dislike, love, appreciate, see to, owe等。See to it that children dont catch cold. 注意孩子们不要感冒了。I hate it when th
31、ey talk with their mouth full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。3）that从句作介词宾语时，常用it替代，将that从句后置。You may depend on it that I shall always help you. 请你相信我，我总会帮助你的。2. 省略引导宾语从句的that常可省略，但是多个并列从句中，只有第一个可以省略，其他的不省略。 She said (that) she would come here and that I should wait for her till Monday. 她说她会来这儿，让我等到星期一。3. 否定前移
32、： 当主句的主语是I/ We，时态是一般现在时，动词think, consider, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, guess等后的宾语从句中的否定词常前移至主句。I dont think this skirt fits you well. 我认为这条裙子不适合你。4. 宾语从句的时态1) 主句用过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态，如从句表示客观真理,可用现在时。Did you see that the boys were playing football on the playground at that time?那时你见到男孩儿们正在操场踢足球吗？ The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。2) 主句为现在时,从句可根据需要选用各种时态。I think that the Greens have left for Hawaii. 我想格林一家已经动身去夏威夷了。I want to know if/whether he will go surfing this afternoon.我想知道他今天下午是否会去冲浪。