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1、非谓语动词复习 编稿：王春霞 审稿：陈玉莲概念引入 非谓语动词在高二年级既是重点也是难点，在分别学完不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词之后，在此我们做一个专题复习，以便更好地把握本语法项目。 由于篇幅有限，简单例句将不提供中文释义。用法讲解非谓语动词的各种形式（以do为例，否定形式一律在前面加not）：过去分词（只有一种形式）：(not) done动词-ing形式的时态、语态态语时态主动式被动式一般式(not) doing(not) being done完成式(not) having done(not) having been done不定式的时态、语态主动式被动式一般式(not) to do
2、(not) to be done完成式(not) to have done(not) to have been done进行式(not) to be doing/完成进行式(not) to have been doing/with的复合结构：with宾语to do /v-ing /done（因为篇幅有限，后跟形容词等形式省略不讲）With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow. （不定式表示将来）明天有这个男孩领路，我们会很容易地找到那所房子。She fell asleep with the light b
3、urning. （-ing形式表示主动、进行）她开着灯睡着了。 She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. （过去分词表示被动、完成）她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。注意：without也有此用法。Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.食橱里什么也没有剩下，她出去买点吃的东西。独立主格结构：1）名词/代词+现在分词（因为篇幅有限，后跟形容词等形式省略不讲）Winter coming, it gets colde
4、r and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。2）名词/代词+过去分词“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.“马奎斯”，男孩说道，转向那个男人，眼睛圆睁，右手举起。3) 名词/代词（主格）+
5、不定式We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。独立成分有些惯用的to do/ v-ing/ done形式的短语在句中可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在，作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，有些已经转化为介词短语。如：judging from/by（从判断），talking of（谈到），allowing for（考虑到），providing / provided that 假如/如果，considering（考虑到）,to be frank（坦白地说），to begin/s
6、tart with（首先），to put it briefly（简言之），given that（鉴于）等。Judging by/from his accent, he must be from the south. 从口音来判断，他一定是个南方人。To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. 说实话，我不同意你的想法。Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 假如他有时间，他肯定会来。不定式时态语态：1）一般式( to do/ to be done)：表示的动作通常与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。I aske
7、d him to attend the meeting. 我请他参加会议。（to attend the meeting 动作发生在asked 后)2）进行式（to be doing）：强调动作正在进行，或与谓语动词动作同时发生。He seems to be reading English poems. 他似乎正在读英语诗。（seem 和read 同时发生, 强调动作正在进行）3）完成式（to have done/ to have been done）表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。He is said to have translated the book into English last y
8、ear.据说他去年已经把这本书译成了英语。（translate the book发生在be said之前）4）完成进行式（to have been doing）：表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作。Her son is known to have been studying abroad for a while. 我们知道她儿子曾在国外学习了一段时间。（study abroad在is known之前一直进行）5）一般被动式（to be done）：表示将来的动作The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. 明年要建的新影院会
9、很大。（电影院是被建的，而且是将来要建的）6）完成被动式（to have been done）：表示发生在谓语动作之前。The window glass is supposed to have been broken by Tom. 有人猜想玻璃是汤姆打破的。（玻璃是被打破的，而且是在“被猜想is supposed”之前。）动词-ing时态语态：1）一般式: doing（表示v-ing形式的动作正在进行或与谓语表示的动作同时或之后发生。）They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。（talk/laugh与we
10、nt同时进行，用一般式。）2）完成式: having done（强调v-ing形式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。）Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.由于已经在这个城市住了三年，她对它非常了解。（强调live在knows之前已经完成，用完成式。）3）一般被动式：being doneI stole into the room without being noticed. 我偷偷地进了房间，没有人注意到。（分词动作notice与“我”是被动关系，用被动语态；“被注意到”与“偷偷进入”是同时发生，
11、用一般式；所以用一般式的被动态being noticed）3）完成被动式：having been done Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗，她现在对任何人都不信任。（分词动作cheat与she是被动关系，且强调在谓语动作believes之前发生，所以用完成式的被动语态having been cheated。）注意：1）v-ing形式的完成式的被动语态，有时用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其口语中。2）need, require, want, deserve+ v-ing形式表示被动The f
12、lowers need watering every day. = The flowers need to be watered every day. 花儿需要每天浇水。（虽然“花”与“浇水”是被动关系，但是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动）但是：I need to water the flowers every day. 我需要每天给花浇水。非谓语动词的做题步骤: 1. 判定是谓语还是非谓语。方法：找谓语动词。如果句子已经有了谓语动词，要用的动词有下列情况：1）并列谓语（应有连词and，but，or等）；2）并列句或从句谓语（应有从句、连词或分号“；”）；3）非谓语动词（作主、宾、表、定、状
13、、补等成分）。 2. 找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。1）一般是句子的主语； 2）定语的逻辑主语是所修饰词； 3）宾语补足语的逻辑主语是宾语； 4）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是分词前名词或代词。 3. 判断主被动关系。方法：确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。 4. 判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。注意：这些只用于一般情况，注意特殊情况，如：有些动词只接不定式作宾语，而有些动词只能接动词-ing形式作宾语。再如：judging from等一类短语已是固定结构。例如： 1）The sto
14、rm left, _ a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. have caused C. to cause D. having caused分析：（1）判断是谓语还是非谓语:句中left是谓语，cause要用非谓语形式,排除B项；（2）找逻辑主语：cause是“The storm left”的结果状语，逻辑主语是句子主语the storm； （3）判断主被动：cause a lot of damage是由the storm发出的,所以是主动,排除A（caused 作非谓语时是过去分词,表被动）；（4）判断先后关系:cause damage与谓语动
15、词left前已经发生,要用表示动作已经发生的having done。答案：D。2）_many times, he still couldnt understand it .A. Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was told分析：（1）判断是谓语还是非谓语:句中couldnt understand是谓语，没有并列句连词and、but、so等，排除C；选项D是让步状语从句，但是many times经常用完成时表示强调，排除D。所以told要用非谓语形式。（2）找逻辑主语：tell要作状语，逻辑主语是
16、句子主语he； （3）判断主被动：根据句意，he是被别人告诉的，所以he和tell是被动关系，用be told；（4）判断先后关系: be told是在couldnt understand前发生,要用表示动作已经完成的having been told。答案：A。非谓语动词做题七原则1. 用作目的状语，多用不定式When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained解析
17、：由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除 A 和 B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，选D。2. 用作伴随状语，多用动词-ing形式As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not_, and asked myself what I was going to do.A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved解析：move与主语“I”是主动关系，与stood同时进行，用动词-ing形式，选B。3. 用作结果状语时，可用-ing形式或不定式不定式多表示意料之外的
18、结果，而合乎逻辑的结果，即意料之中的结果多用-ing形式。1）The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_in the natural light during the day. A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let解析：此处用-ing形式表示自然而然的结果，选B。2）He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell
19、B. to be told C. telling D. told解析：不定式表示出人意料的结果，tell与主语是被动关系，选B。注意句型：. never to do/ to be doneHe left his hometown 20 years ago, never to return. 他20年前离开了，再也没有回来。4. 有被动意义时，多用过去分词但是，所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；强调所涉及的动作正在进行，则用-ing形式的被动式。1）The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _
20、. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard解析：根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，排除B和C；另外，“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作在当时尚未发生，故用不定式，选A。2）At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closedC. being opened and closed D. to open an
21、d close解析：of后应接-ing形式，desks与open and close之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因could be heard，所以选-ing形式的被动式表示正在被进行的动作。答案为C。5. 强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，要用完成式。根据句子要求选用不定式的完成式或-ing形式的完成式。1）_ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. A. Being sepa
22、rated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. to be separated 解析：强调完成，与逻辑主语是被动关系，用-ing形式的完成被动式。选C。2）Li Ming is said _ abroad. Do you know what country he studied in? Yes. In London.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying解析：句型“sb. +be said+ to do sth.”表明空白处要加
23、不定式，因为studied在“is said”之前发生，用不定式的完成式。选A。如果studied改成“will study”，选B；studied改成“studies”，可以用C。6. 非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。Faced with a bill for $10,000，_. A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John解析：及物动词fac
24、e表示（困难、死亡、毁灭等）面临（某人），某人作主语一般用（be） faced with.，所以faced的逻辑主语，即句子的主语是人，排除C、D；是John面临着要付的账单，而不是老板，排除B。所以选A。 7. 作定语时的原则：表示动作尚未发生，用不定式；表示动作正在进行，用-ing；表示完成、被动，用过去分词。注意：动词-ing形式的完成式（having done, having been done）不用作定语；受the first，the second . the last修饰的名词或代词后多要用不定式作定语。1) There will be more than three hundre
25、d scientists attending the meeting _ the day after tomorrow.A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held解析：因the day after tomorrow可知选D。2) There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings.A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait解析：waiting强调正在进行。选C。3) “Thin
26、gs _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. A. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost解析：过去分词表示被动和完成。选A。非谓语动词在句中所做成分比较to do和v-ing作主语相当于名词或代词，往往用it作形式主语替代，将不定式或动名词放在句尾。It is possible to live an independent and fulfilling life. 过独立满足的生活是可能的。注意：1）动词-ing作主语，多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成的动作，而不定式则表
27、示具体的某一次或将来的动作。但是有时区别很小。Exploring the Amazon River deserves courage. 探险亚马逊河需要勇气。To explore the Amazon River this summer has been good news to us. 今年夏天探险亚马逊河对我们来说是条好消息。2）动名词较少用形式主语，只在“It is no good/ no use/ fun doing sth.”等句型中用。Its fun talking to a foreign teacher. 跟外教谈话很有趣。3）句型“There be+ no +主语”中，多用动
28、词-ing形式。There is no telling what will happen. = It is impossible to tell what will happen.无法知道会发生什么事。4）表语是不定式，主语要用不定式；表语是-ing形式，主语也用-ing形式。to do，v-ing和done作表语注意：表示一般的概念，不定式、动词-ing形式作表语可以互换。表示具体的个别动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式；过去分词做表语往往表状态。Spring is gone and summer is come. （过去分词）春天去了，夏天到了。 Her job is keeping the
29、 lecture hall as clean as possible.（动名词） 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。The problem is quite puzzling. （现在分词）这个问题很令人困惑。下面情况多用不定式作表语：1）主语表示职业、职责或性质等。I found a part-time job, which is to guide the patients. 我找到一份兼职：引导病人。2）主语是表示目标、计划、打算、希望、决定、选择等的名词。The intention of this book is to introduce popular science. 这本书旨在介绍科
30、普知识。3）主语和表语都是不定式，主语表示条件，表语表示目的或结果。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。4）主语为what从句。What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 我的建议是推迟会议。5）在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain等后。He seems to be eating something in the kitchen. 他似乎在厨房吃东西。过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。Dont touch the glass becau
31、se it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。（被动语态，表示动作） to do和v-ing作宾语常用v-ing作宾语的动词：admit（承认），appreciate（感激），avoid（避免）， imagine（想象）等Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了！常用不定式作宾语的动词：offer （提出）, intend, promise （答应）, refuse （拒绝）, long （想要）, fail（不能）, prete
32、nd （假装）, manage （设法做到）, afford（承担得起）I decided to ask for my money back. 我决定要回我的钱。既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语且区别不大的动词：begin, continue, hate, prefer等。They prefer spending/ to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。注意：应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。如：避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 应改成：I am starting
33、to learn Russian.既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语但区别很大的动词：cant help (to) do. 不能帮忙做某事 doing. 禁不住做某事The medicine cant help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。The girl couldnt help crying when she saw her mother again. 当小女孩再次看到母亲时，她情不自禁地哭了起来。不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语：It had no effect except to make him angry. 那除了
34、会让他生气外没有任何作用。英语中除了介词but/ except外，介词后一般接动词-ing形式作宾语：admit to（承认），be equal to（等于），see to（注意，处理），stick to（坚持）等，其中的to都是介词。She looks forward every spring to walking in the flower-lined garden. 每年春天她盼望着在铺满鲜花的公园里散步。作形容词busy worth的宾语：The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这首曲子很值得多听几遍。We are bu
35、sy preparing for the sports meet. 我们正忙着为运动会做准备。to do，v-ing和done作宾语补足语1） 在动词ask, tell, cause, allow, permit, forbid, want, advise, force, get, encourage, warn等后接不定式作宾语补足语。 Every teacher ought to encourage their students to think for themselves. 每一位老师都应激励学生独立思考问题。2）在感官动词feel, hear, listen to, look at,
36、 notice, observe, see, watch和使役动词have, let, make等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. 他们看见那个男孩突然从树上掉下来。但是：The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.3）特别提醒：hope, demand, agree, suggest, insist等不能跟不定式作宾语补足语。Q I agree you to leave early. R I allow
37、you to leave early. 我同意你提前离开。4）动词-ing作宾语补足语表示与宾语之间的主动关系或正在进行，而过去分词表示与宾语之间的被动关系，或动作已经完成，强调动作的结果，而不定式一般强调动作的过程。We heard her singing next door. 我们听到她正在隔壁唱歌。（主动、进行）We heard her often sing next door. 我们听到她常在隔壁唱歌。（主动、完成）We heard the song sung by her. 我们听这首歌被她唱过。（被动、完成）We heard the song being sung next doo
38、r. 我们听见隔壁有人在唱这首歌。（被动、进行）He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。（被别人偷去了）Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。to do，v-ing和done作定语I have a lot of wo
39、rk to do. 我有许多工作要做。（work是to do的逻辑宾语）In the old days the poor had no chance to go to school. 从前，穷人没有机会上学。（to go to school是“机会chance”的内容）The room was quite dark inside, so he made some candles to give light. 房间里很暗，所以他制作了一些照亮的蜡烛。（candles做了to give light的动作，是不定式的逻辑主语）We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要
40、更多的合格的老师。The girl dressed in red is my daughter.穿红色衣服的女孩是我女儿。The experience gained will be of great value to us. 已经得到的经验会对我们非常有价值。walking sticks 手杖/a booking office 售票厅（说明所修饰词的用途，表示“供作之用”，这时v-ing形式与名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，是动名词。）a sleeping baby 正在睡觉的婴儿/ a puzzling problem 困扰人的问题（说明所修饰词的性质或动作，表示“的”，此时v-ing形式与名词有
41、逻辑上的主谓关系，是现在分词。）注意：1）如果不定式所修饰的名词是time, place或way,不定式后面习惯上要省略介词。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没有钱也没有地方住。（如果我们用room代替place，就应该用no room to live in。因为此处的不定式与前面的名词构成动宾结构，不及物动词live要加in才能加宾语，即to live in the room。但是在像place一样的特殊词汇，习惯上省略介词。）2）不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，又可用被动语态，但含义不同。如果修饰名词的不
42、定式的动作是主语做的, 不定式用主动语态。 试比较：Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send 的逻辑主语是you) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，而是没有提到的me或someone else，这时不定式用被动语态) 3）不定式作定语多表示将来，而动词-ing形式表示正在进行或用途，过去分词则表示已经完成和被动。a problem to be discussed tomorrow 明天要讨论的问题a problem bein
43、g discussed now 现在正讨论的问题a problem discussed for thousands of years 已讨论多年的问题a waiting room 候诊室 注意：1）选择v-ing形式还是过去分词作定语取决于动词与所修饰词的主动或者被动的关系，即其逻辑主语是其所修饰词。a letter offering me the job = a letter which offered me the job 一封给我这份工作的信a letter written by his boss = a letter which was written by his boss 一封老板
44、写来的信2）不定式作定语常表示将来，对比：the bridge to be repaired 要修的桥 being repaired 正在修理的桥 repaired last year 去年修的桥to do, v ing和done作状语不定式作状语，一般表示目的（前面可以加in order 或so as已示强调）、原因（多在表示情感的词后）、结果（出乎意料的结果，前可加only或too. to, enough to等结构）。I come here only to say good-bye to you. （目的）我来只是向你告别。What have I said to make you ang
45、ry? （结果）我说了什么让你这么生气？ I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club. （原因）听说你被选为俱乐部主席，我非常高兴。动词-ing形式作状语，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. （时间）我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。Being ill, he didnt go to school yest
46、erday. （原因）由于生病，他昨天没有上学。His father died, leaving him a lot of money. （结果）他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage. （条件）向右转你会找到通往他的茅舍的小路。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. （让步）尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long ti