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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Id like to tell you about a legal case that I worked oninvolving a man named Steve Titus.我给你们讲个我以前经手过的一个案子。这个案子里有一个人叫斯蒂夫提塔斯。00:12Titus was a restaurant manager.提塔斯以前是饭店经理。00:20He was 31 years old,he lived in Seattle,Washington,he wasengaged to Gretchen,about to be married,she was the lo
2、veof his life.他31岁,住在华盛顿州的西雅图,和一个叫格雷琴的姑娘订了婚,马上就要结婚了,她就是他一生的挚爱。00:23And one night,the couple went out for a romantic restaurantmeal.一天晚上,这对情侣外出 去饭店吃一顿浪漫晚餐00:32They were on their way home,and they were pulled over by apolice officer.回来的时候,他们被警车拦下了。00:37You see,Titus car sort of resembled a car that wa
3、s drivenearlier in the evening by a man who raped a femalehitchhiker,and Titus kind of resembled that rapist.知道吗？提塔斯的车有点类似 当天晚上 强奸了一位搭便车的女性的罪犯开的车。而提塔斯有点像那个罪犯。00:42So the police took a picture of Titus,they put it in a photolineup,they later showed it to the victim,and she pointed toTitus photo.所以警察给
4、提塔斯拍了照,放到了罪犯相册里。警察后来把他的照片给那个受害者看。她指着提塔斯的照片,00:56She said,That ones the closest.说:“他最像。”01:06The police and the prosecution proceeded with a trial,andwhen Steve Titus was put on trial for rape,the rape victim goton the stand and said,Im absolutely positive thats theman.警察和检察官继续进行审问,斯蒂夫提塔斯被当成强奸犯告上法庭,受
5、害者站在法庭上 说,“我绝对肯定就是他。”01:09involving:v.涉及;包括;使陷于(involve的ing形式)resembled:像,类似(resemble的过去式)rapist:n.强奸犯 lineup:n.阵容;一组人;电视节目时间表 prosecution:n.起诉,检举;进行;经营 proceeded:继续/进行And Titus was convicted.提塔斯就这样被宣告有罪。01:23He proclaimed his innocence,his family screamed at thejury,his fianc?e collapsed on the flo
6、or sobbing,and Titus istaken away to jail.他申明自己是无辜的,他的家庭对着陪审团声嘶力竭,他的未婚妻倒在地上痛哭,提塔斯被带进了监狱。01:26So what would you do at this point?那么这样的时候你能做什么？01:37What would you do?你能做什么？01:40Well,Titus lost complete faith in the legal system,and yet hegot an idea.所以,提塔斯从此完全失去对法律体系的信任。可是他有了个想法。01:42He called up the
7、local newspaper,he got the interest of aninvestigative journalist,and that journalist actually found thereal rapist,a man who ultimately confessed to this rape,aman who was thought to have committed 50 rapes in thatarea,and when this information was given to the judge,thejudge set Titus free.他联系当地的报
8、纸,一个搞调查的杂志对他的案子很有兴趣,而且这个杂志实际上找到了真的罪犯,这人最终供认自己的犯罪事实,而且他还和其他的50起强奸案有关。案件都发生在那个地区。法官得知这个消息以后,释放了提塔斯。01:48And really,thats where this case should have ended.好吧,这个案子到这里就该结束了吧？02:12It should have been over.真的是应该结束了。02:16convicted:adj.证明有罪的;已被判刑的/v.定罪(convict的过去分词);证明有罪 proclaimed:公告 innocence:n.清白,无罪;天真无邪
9、 screamed:vi.尖叫;呼啸;发出尖锐刺耳的声音;令人触目惊心/vt.尖声喊叫;大叫大嚷着要求/n.尖叫声;尖锐刺耳的声音;极其滑稽可笑的人 collapsed:adj.倒塌的;暴跌的;收缩的;倾陷了的/v.倒塌;崩溃(collapse的过去分词);价格暴跌 sobbing:adj.湿透的/v.啜泣;哭诉(sob的ing形式)investigative:adj.研究的;调查的;好调查的 confessed:adj.坦白的,认罪的;众所公认的,不容怀疑的;公开的,众所周知的Titus should have thought of this as a horrible year,a yea
10、r ofaccusation and trial,but over.真的是应该结束了。一年的指控、提审,但是都结束了。02:17It didnt end that way.但是事情没有就此结束。02:24Titus was so bitter.提塔斯的生活变得更加苦涩。02:26Hed lost his job.He couldnt get it back.他失业了,无法重新回去上班。02:28He lost his fianc?e.他失去了未婚妻。02:31TED演讲者：Elizabeth Loftus|伊丽莎白?洛塔斯演讲标题：The fiction of memory|记忆的虚构内容概要
11、：Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus studies memories.More precisely,she studies falsememories,when people either remember things that didn.t happen or remember themdifferently from the way they really were.It.s more common than you might think,and Loftusshares some startling stories and statistics,and ra
12、ises some important ethical questions weshould all remember to consider.心理学家伊丽莎白?洛塔斯是研究记忆的。更确切地说，她研究错误的记忆，当人们记得根本没发生的事时，或者记得根本不同的事时的错误记忆。错误记忆的发生比你想得要常见得多，洛塔斯将分享一些令人吃惊的故事和统计结果，并提出一些需要我们思考的、重要的道德问题。She couldnt put up with his persistent anger.她无法忍受他一直以来的愤怒。02:33He lost his entire savings,and so he dec
13、ided to file a lawsuitagainst the police and others whom he felt were responsiblefor his suffering.他失去了所有存款。所以他决定提起诉讼,状告那些警察和对那些 需要对他的遭遇负责的人。02:36And thats when I really started working on this case,tryingto figure out how did that victim go from That ones theclosest我是从那时开始介入这个案子的,想搞清楚 受害人怎么会那么坚定地从“
14、这个人最象”02:45to Im absolutely positive thats the guy.到“我绝对确信就是他。”02:56Well,Titus was consumed with his civil case.那么提塔斯呢,把时间都花在他的案子上,03:00He spent every waking moment thinking about it,and justdays before he was to have his day in court,he woke up inthe morning,doubled over in pain,and died of a stres
15、s-related heart attack.他只要醒着就想这事儿。就在要开庭的前几天,他早上醒来,突然疼痛不已,结果死于精神压力引起的心肌梗死。03:04accusation:n.控告,指控;谴责 put up with:v.忍受;容忍 persistent:adj.固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的He was 35 years old.那时他才35岁。03:18So I was asked to work on Titus case because Im apsychological scientist.我之所以介入提塔斯的案子,是因为我是个研究心理学的科学家。03:21I study memo
16、ry.Ive studied memory for decades.我研究记忆,已经研究有几十年了。03:28And if I meet somebody on an airplane-this happened onthe way over to Scotland-if I meet somebody on anairplane,and we ask each other,What do you do?What doyou do?如果我在飞机上遇到谁 恰巧是去苏格兰的 如果我在飞机上遇到谁 我们会互相打招呼,“你是做什么的？做什么的？”03:32and I say I study memor
17、y,我就说,“我是研究记忆的。”03:42they usually want to tell me how they have troubleremembering names,or theyve got a relative whos gotAlzheimers or some kind of memory problem,but I have totell them他们一般都会告诉我,他们很难记住别人的名字呀,他们有个亲戚得了痴呆症呀,或者一些和记忆有关的问题。然后我就告诉他们,03:44I dont study when people forget.我不研究人的遗忘。03:54I stu
18、dy the opposite:when they remember,when theyremember things that didnt happen or remember thingsthat were different from the way they really were.正相反,我研究的是人的记忆。当他们记着根本没有发生的事儿,或者记着与他们做的 根本不同的事儿。03:58I study false memories.我研究的就是错误记忆。04:07Unhappily,Steve Titus is not the only person to be convictedbas
19、ed on somebodys false memory.不幸的是,斯蒂夫提塔斯不是唯一一个 被别人的错误记忆所害的人。04:12In one project in the United States,information has beengathered on 300 innocent people,300 defendants who wereconvicted of crimes they didnt do.在美国的一项课题中,这个课题集中了 300个无辜的人们,300个被宣判有罪的无辜者。04:21psychological:adj.心理的；心理学的；精神上的 Unhappily:a
20、dv.不幸地;遗憾地 defendants:n.法被告(defendant的复数)They spent 10,20,30 years in prison for these crimes,andnow DNA testing has proven that they are actually innocent.他们因此而在监狱度过了10年,20年,30年 现在的DNA检测证明 他们是无辜的。04:34And when those cases have been analyzed,three quarters ofthem are due to faulty memory,faulty eyew
21、itness memory.当对这些案子进行分析后,其中四分之三的案子 归结于错误的记忆,目击者的错误记忆。04:45Well,why?那么,这是为什么呢？04:55Like the jurors who convicted those innocent people and thejurors who convicted Titus,many people believe thatmemory works like a recording device.那么,这是为什么呢？给提塔斯定罪的那些陪审团成员,他们都相信记忆 可以作为记录装置。04:56You just record the inf
22、ormation,then you call it up and playit back when you want to answer questions or identifyimages.就是人记住了一些信息,然后唤起这些信息,重放这些信息 来回答警察的提问和鉴别嫌犯照片。05:06But decades of work in psychology has shown that this justisnt true.数十年的心理学研究 显示这不一定是对的。05:14Our memories are constructive.我们的记忆具有可塑性的,05:20Theyre reconstr
23、uctive.也是可重塑的。05:22Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page:Youcan go in there and change it,but so can other people.记忆有点像维基百科页面:你可以登录编辑它,但是别人也可以这样做。05:24eyewitness:n.目击者;见证人 jurors:n.法陪审员(juror的复数形式)psychology:n.心理学;心理状态 constructive:adj.建设性的;推定的;构造上的;有助益的 reconstructive:adj.重建的;改造的I fi
24、rst started studying this constructive memory process I didmy experiments that involved showing people simulatedcrimes and accidents and asking them questions about whatthey remember.我刚开始研究这个可塑性记忆 我做了实验,向受试者展示 模拟的犯罪事件和事故。我然后问他们都记住了什么。05:32In one study,we showed people a simulated accident and we在一项研
25、究中,我们给受试者展示模拟的事故 然后我们问他们 他们相撞的时候,车速有多快。05:50In one study,we showed people a simulated accident and weasked people,how fast were the cars going when they hiteach other?我们问他们 他们相撞的时候,车速有多快。05:50www.XiYuS锡育软件And we asked other people,how fast were the cars goingwhen they smashed into each other?然后我们问其他
26、的人 如果他们重撞在一起时,车速有多快。05:58And if we asked the leading smashed question,thewitnesses told us the cars were going faster,and moreover,that leading smashed question caused people to be morelikely to tell us that they saw broken glass in the accidentscene when there wasnt any broken glass at all.如果我们用 重撞
27、“这个词儿来引导他们时,受试者更倾向于告诉我们车速是非常快的。不仅如此,用”重撞“来诱导问题时,人们更倾向于告诉我们,他们在事故现场看到了破碎的玻璃。其实,根本就没有什么破碎的玻璃。06:04In another study,we showed a simulated accident where acar went through an intersection with a stop sign,and if weasked a question that insinuated it was a yield sign,在另一项研究中,我们展示的是一个模拟事故,一辆车正经过一个有”停车”牌的十
28、字路口。如果我们暗示受试者那是个“让路”牌的时候,06:24many witnesses told us they remember seeing a yield sign atthe intersection,not a stop sign.很多受试者会说他们记得十字路口有“让路”牌,而不是“停车”牌。06:35simulated:adj.模拟的;模仿的;仿造的/v.模仿(simulate的变形);假装 smashed:v.粉碎(smash的过去式和过去分词)/adj.破碎的;喝醉酒的 witnesses:n.法证人;目击者;法证据(witness的复数)/v.作证;目睹(witness的三
29、单形式)intersection:n.交叉;十字路口;交集;交叉点 insinuated:vt.暗示;使逐渐而巧妙地取得;使迂回地潜入/vi.暗讽;说含沙射影的话And you might be thinking,well,you know,these are filmedevents,they are not particularly stressful.你会说,嗯,这只是拍摄下来的模拟现场,受试者没有什么精神压力。06:43Would the same kind of mistakes be made with a reallystressful event?如果在真实的现场会有同样的错误
30、吗？那可是真正紧张的时刻。06:48In a study we published just a few months ago,we have ananswer to this question,because what was unusual about thisstudy is we arranged for people to have a very stressfulexperience.我们最近发表了一个几个月前的研究课题。正好可以回答你的这个问题。这项研究不同以往的地方在于 我们见了有过紧张压力体验的受试者。06:54The subjects in this study were
31、members of the U.S.militarywho were undergoing a harrowing training exercise toteach them what its going to be like for them if they are evercaptured as prisoners of war.这项研究的受试者 是美军军方人士。他们经历了残酷的训练 来体验 被活捉成为战犯的场面。07:07And as part of this training exercise,these soldiers areinterrogated in an aggress
32、ive,hostile,physically abusivefashion for 30 minutes and later on they have to try toidentify the person who conducted that interrogation.这个训练的其中一部分就是 这些士兵遭到长达30分钟的刑讯逼供和 严刑拷打。后来他们必须努力辨别出 是谁对他们施加了暴行。07:23stressful:adj.紧张的;有压力的 undergoing:vt.经历,经受;忍受 harrowing:adj.痛心的;悲惨的/v.使痛苦(harrow的ing形式);开拓 interr
33、ogated:计询问 abusive:adj.辱骂的;滥用的;虐待的 later on:adv.后来;稍后;过些时候 conducted:v.管理(conduct的过去分词);引导;指挥 interrogation:n.讯问;审问;语疑问句And when we feed them suggestive information thatinsinuates its a different person,many of them misidentifytheir interrogator,often identifying someone who doesnteven remotely rese
34、mble the real interrogator.当我们向他们建议 审讯人可能另有其人时,他们中的很多人认不出真正的审讯人。他们经常指认出完全不相近的人。07:40And so what these studies are showing is that when you feedpeople misinformation about some experience that theymay have had,you can distort or contaminate or changetheir memory.这些研究结果表明 当你向人们提供错误信息 误导他们经历过的事情时 你完全可以
35、破坏、搅乱甚至改变他们的记忆。07:58Well out there in the real world,misinformation iseverywhere.大千世界,错误的信息无处不在。08:13We get misinformation not only if were questioned in aleading way,but if we talk to other witnesses who mightconsciously or inadvertently feed us some erroneousinformation,我们得到错误的信息,我们得到错误的信息,而且也可能是我
36、们与其他人交谈时 被有意无意地 灌输了错误信息。08:18suggestive:adj.暗示的;提示的;影射的 insinuates:vt.暗示;使逐渐而巧妙地取得;使迂回地潜入/vi.暗讽;说含沙射影的话misidentify:vt.识别错 interrogator:n.质问者;询问机 identifying:n.识别,标识;标识关系/v.识别(identify的现在分词)remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地 resemble:vt.类似,像 misinformation:n.误报;错误的消息 distort:vt.扭曲;使失真;曲解/vi.扭曲;变形 conta
37、minate:vt.污染,弄脏 consciously:adv.自觉地;有意识地 inadvertently:adj.非故意地,无心地 erroneous:adj.错误的；不正确的or if we see media coverage about some event we might haveexperienced,all of these provide the opportunity for this kindof contamination of our memory.也可能是我们看到了与我们经历有关的媒体报道。这一切都有可能 扭曲我们的记忆。08:30In the 1990s,we
38、began to see an even more extreme kind ofmemory problem.90年代,我们观察到 一个更为极端的记忆问题。08:42Some patients were going into therapy with one problem-maybe they had depression,an eating disorder-and they一些患者因为一个单纯的问题去看医生,也许是因为抑郁,或者饮食失调。但当他们结束治疗时,往往会产生完全不同的问题。08:50maybe they had depression,an eating disorder-an
39、d theywere coming out of therapy with a different problem.往会产生完全不同的问题。08:50Extreme memories for horrific brutalizations,sometimes insatanic rituals,sometimes involving really bizarre andunusual elements.那些关于残酷暴行的极端记忆,有些象是邪教仪式有些带有非常奇怪、非常特殊的成分。09:02One woman came out of psychotherapy believing that sh
40、edendured years of ritualistic abuse,where she was forced intoa pregnancy and that the baby was cut from her belly.一个结束了心理治疗的妇女 坚信自己经受了数年的 残忍的性侵害,使她不幸怀孕。孩子从她的肚子里被夺走。09:12contamination:n.污染，玷污；污染物 therapy:n.治疗，疗法 depression:n.沮丧;洼地;不景气;忧愁 horrific:adj.可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的 satanic:adj.邪恶的;魔鬼的 bizarre:adj.奇异的(指
41、态度，容貌，款式等)psychotherapy:n.心理疗法;精神疗法 endured:v.忍耐(endure的过去式)ritualistic:adj.仪式的;固守仪式的;惯例的 pregnancy:n.怀孕;丰富,多产;意义深长But there were no physical scars or any kind of physicalevidence that could have supported her story.可是她身上根本就没有任何伤疤 也没有任何体征来支持她的观点。09:24And when I began looking into these cases,I was w
42、ondering,where do these bizarre memories come from?当我研究这些案例时,我想知道 这些奇特的记忆是从何而来呢？09:31And what I found is that most of these situations involvedsome particular form of psychotherapy.我发现很多这样奇怪的情况 都源于患者的一些心理治疗。09:38And so I asked,were some of the things going on in thispsychotherapy-like the imaginatio
43、n exercises or dreaminterpretation,or in some cases hypnosis,or in some casesexposure to false information-were these leading thesepatients to develop these very bizarre,unlikely memories?我不禁想到 这些问题可能跟他们所进行的心理治疗有关-比如想象力训练,比如解梦,比如催眠疗法,或者无意接触到的错误信息。这些是不是都会使患者 产生一些非常奇怪的 不正确的记忆呢？09:47And I designed some
44、 experiments to try to study theprocesses that were being used in this psychotherapy so Icould study the development of these very rich falsememories.因此我设计了一些实验,使用心理治疗中会采用的步骤 来研究这些丰富的错误记忆是如何产生的。来研究这些丰富的错误记忆是如何产生的。10:12In one of the first studies we did,we used suggestion,amethod inspired by the psyc
45、hotherapy we saw in these cases,we used this kind of suggestion and planted a false memorythat when you were a kid,five or six years old,you were lostin a shopping mall.我们最初的一个研究是,我们对受试者提出建议,这个方法借鉴了我们在案例里看到的一些心理治疗法。我们用我们的建议 植入一个错误的记忆。那就是:当你还五六岁的时候,你在一个购物中心走丢了,10:26scars:n.医疤痕;创伤(scar的复数形式);冻结物/v.给留下
46、伤痕;在的心灵上留下创伤(scar的第三人称单数形式)hypnosis:n.催眠;催眠状态You were frightened.You were crying.你害怕得哭了,10:44You were ultimately rescued by an elderly person andreunited with the family.最终,你在一个长者的帮助下 找到了家人。10:46And we succeeded in planting this memory in the minds ofabout a quarter of our subjects.我们成功地 给大约四分之一的受试者
47、植入了这个错误记忆。10:51And you might be thinking,well,thats not particularlystressful.你会说,好吧,可是这个不是在心理压力下的测试呀。10:57But we and other investigators have planted rich falsememories of things that were much more unusual and muchmore stressful.我们以及其他的研究人员成功地植入过 一些错误的记忆,错误得非常离谱,也非常纠结的记忆。11:02So in a study done in
48、 Tennessee,researchers planted the falsememory that when you were a kid,you nearly drowned andhad to be rescued by a life guard.在田纳西的一项研究中,科研人员植入的错误记忆是 你小的时候,差点淹死过,是一个救生员救了你。11:11And in a study done in Canada,researchers planted the falsememory that when you were a kid,something as awful asbeing att
49、acked by a vicious animal happened to you,succeeding with about half of their subjects.加拿大的一项研究中,研究人员植入的错误记忆是你小的时候 曾经被凶恶的动物 攻击过。近一半的受试者之后有了这样的错误记忆。11:21rescued:救援 reunited:v.重聚;使再结合(reunite的过去式和过去分词)planting:n.栽培,种植;花圃/v.播种;移植(plant的ing形式);安置 investigators:n.研究者,调查者(investigator的复数形式);法审查者(investiga
50、tor的复数形式)drowned:v.淹死(drown的过去分词);淹没/adj.淹死的;水淹的/n.血本无归者;被套牢者 vicious:adj.恶毒的；恶意的；堕落的；有错误的；品性不端的；剧烈的/succeeding:adj.随后的,以后的And in a study done in Italy,researchers planted the falsememory,when you were a kid,you witnessed demonicpossession.在意大利的一项研究中,研究者植入的错误记忆是你小时候目睹过恶魔附身11:35I do want to add that