《StevenPinker_2003[史蒂芬.平克][在白板上写下论题].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《StevenPinker_2003[史蒂芬.平克][在白板上写下论题].pdf（9页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、www.XiYuS锡育软件A year ago,I spoke to you about a book that I was just in theprocess of completing,that has come out in the interim,andI would like to talk to you today about some of thecontroversies that that book inspired.一年前，我跟你们谈起 一本就快写完的书，在这期间它出版了。今天我想跟你们谈谈 这本书引发的一些争议。00:12The book is called The B
2、lank Slate,这本书名叫空白的石板，00:26based on the popular idea that the human mind is a blankslate,and that all of its structure comes from socialization,culture,parenting,experience.它基于一个流行的观点 即人类的思想是一块空白的石板，它所有的构造都来自于 社交，文化，养育，经验。00:28The blank slate was an influential idea in the 20th century.在二十世纪里，“空白的石板
3、”是很有影响的观点。00:39Here are a few quotes indicating that:Man has no nature,from the historian Jose Ortega y Gasset;Jose Ortega yGasset;Man has no instincts,from the anthropologistAshley Montagu;下面有几条表达这个意思的语录：“人无天性”，来自历史学家“人无本能”，来自 人类学家Ashley Montagu;00:43The human brain is capable of a full range of be
4、haviors andpredisposed to none,from the late scientist Stephen JayGould.“人的大脑有能力做各种行为 但没有任何预先的倾向”，来自已故科学家史蒂芬古尔德。00:54in the process of:在的过程中 interim:adj.临时的，暂时的；中间的；间歇的/n.过渡时期，中间时期；暂定controversies:n.争论;辩论(controversy的复数)Slate:n.板岩;石板;蓝色;石片/vt.铺石板;严厉批评某人;计划/adj.板岩的;石板色的 socialization:n.社会化,社会主义化 quot
5、es:n.引用,引号;报价(quote的复数)/v.报价(quote的第三人称单数);引用;复述 indicating:n.表明;指示/v.表明;指示;要求(indicate的ing形式)/adj.指示的 historian:n.历史学家 instincts:n.生物本能(instinct的复数);心理直觉 anthropologist:n.人类学家;人类学者 predisposed:adj.先有倾向的,先有意向的/v.预先有倾向的;预先处置好的(predispose的过去分词)There are a number of reasons to doubt that the humanmind
6、is a blank slate,and some of them just come fromcommon sense.有几条理由来怀疑人的思想 是一块空白的石板，其中一些只不过来自于常识。01:02As many people have told me over the years,anyone whoshad more than one child knows that kids come into the worldwith certain temperaments and talents;it doesnt all comefrom the outside.正如这些年里许多人告诉我的
7、那样，任何有几个小孩的人 孩子带着特定的性情和天赋 来到这个世界；这些并非都来自外界。01:08Oh,and anyone who has both a child and a house pet hassurely noticed that the child,exposed to speech,will acquirea human language,whereas the house pet wont,presumablybecause of some innate different between them.噢，任何人要是既有孩子 又有宠物，一定会注意到，接触到言语的儿童 会习得人类
8、语言，而宠物则不会，想必是由于他们之间有些先天的差异。01:21And anyone whos been in a heterosexual relationshipknows that the minds of men and the minds of women arenot indistinguishable.任何曾跟异性交往过的人 都知道，男人的思想 跟女人的思想并非难以区分。01:35There are also,I think,increasing results from the scientificstudy of humans that,indeed,were not bor
9、n blank slates.我认为在对人的科学研究中 也有越来越多的 结果表明 我们并非生而为白板。01:43One of them,from anthropology,is the study of humanuniversals.其中之一是来自人类学 对人类共性的研究。01:52innate:adj.先天的；固有的；与生俱来的 heterosexual:adj.异性的;异性恋的/n.异性恋的人 indistinguishable:adj.不能区别的,不能辨别的;不易察觉的 slates:n.地质石板(slate的复数形式);石板瓦/vt.用石板瓦盖;给铺石板(slate的三单形式)ant
10、hropology:n.人类学/人类学家 universals:n.共性;一般概念(universal的复数)If youve ever taken anthropology,you know that its a-kind of an occupational pleasure of anthropologists to showhow exotic other cultures can be,如果你学过人类学，你就会知道它是 人类学家的一种职业乐趣，用来展现其他的文明能有多么奇特，01:57and that there are places out there where,supposed
11、ly,everything is the opposite to the way it is here.据说有些地方 所有事都跟这儿相反。02:06But if you instead look at what is common to the worldscultures,you find that there is an enormously rich set ofbehaviors and emotions and ways of construing the worldthat can be found in all of the worlds 6,000-odd cultures.但
12、如果你去审视一下 世界上的文明有何共同点，你会发现有大量的 行为和情绪，以及解释世界的方式，都能在世界上的6000多个文化中找到。02:11TED演讲者：Steven Pinker|史蒂芬.平克演讲标题：Chalking it up to the blank slate|在白板上写下论题内容概要：Linguist Steven Pinker questions the very nature of our thoughts-the way we usewords,how we learn,and how we relate to others.In his best-selling books
13、,he has broughtsophisticated language analysis to bear on topics of wide general interest.史蒂芬.平克（Steven Pinker）的书空白的石板主张所有人生来就有一些先天的特质。在这儿，平克谈论了他的论题，以及为何有些人觉得它让人极为不安。The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all,and they range from aesthetics,affection and age statusesall the way down t
14、o weaning,weapons,weather,attempts tocontrol,the color white and a world view.人类学家Donald Brown试着把它们全部罗列出来，从审美，感情，年龄待遇，一直到断奶，武器，天气，尝试控制，白色，以及世界观。02:28Also,genetics and neuroscience are increasingly showingthat the brain is intricately structured.此外，遗传学和神经科学 日益表明大脑 是错综复杂地构造起来的。02:43occupational:adj.职业
15、的;占领的 anthropologists:人类人类学家 exotic:adj.异国的;外来的;异国情调的 enormously:adv.巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上 aesthetics:n.美学;美的哲学 statuses:n.地位;状态;情形;重要身分 weaning:n.断奶/v.断奶(wean的ing形式);使断绝/adj.断奶的 genetics:n.遗传学 neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等)intricately:adv.杂乱地 structured:adj.有结构的;有组织的/v.组织;构成(structure的过去分词);建造This
16、 is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompsonand his colleagues in which they-using MRI-measuredthe distribution of gray matter-that is,the outer layer ofthe cortex-in a large sample of pairs of people.这是神经生物学家Paul Thompson和他的同事 最近的一项研究，在研究中他们使用磁共振造像 测量了灰质 即脑皮层的外层 在一个两两成对的人的庞大样本中的分布。02:50Th
17、ey coded correlations in the thickness of gray matter indifferent parts of the brain using a false color scheme,inwhich in which no difference is coded as purple,and anycolor other than purple indicates a statistically significantcorrelation.他们用一种人为的色彩方案 对大脑的不同部分的灰质厚度的相互关系进行编码，没有区别的被编码为紫色，除紫色外的其他颜色表
18、示 统计显著的相关性。03:05Well,this is what happens when you pair people up atrandom.好了，这是随机把两个人配对的结果。03:21By definition,two people picked at random cant havecorrelations in the distribution of gray matter in the cortex.根据定义，两个随机选出的人 在脑皮层的灰质分布上 是不会有关联的。03:24This is what happens in people who share half of the
19、ir DNA-fraternal twins.这是两个有一半相同基因的人 异卵双胞胎的结果。03:32As you can see,large amounts of the brain are not purple,showing that if one person has a thicker bit of cortex in thatregion,so does his fraternal twin.你可以看到，大脑的许多部分 不是紫色的，说明如果一个人 在那个区域的脑皮层较厚，那他的异卵双胞胎也一样。03:38cortex:n.解剖皮质;树皮;果皮 correlations:n.统计,数
20、相关(correlation复数形式);相互关系 thickness:n.厚度;层;浓度;含混不清 indicates:v.表明(indicate的第三人称单数形式);指示,显示 statistically:adv.统计地;统计学上 correlation:n.数相关,关联;相互关系 at random:胡乱地;随便地;任意地 fraternal:adj.兄弟般的;友好的 As you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的And heres what happens if you get a pair of people whoshare all their DNA-namely,clo
21、nes or identical twins.这是一对DNA完全相同的人 即克隆或者同卵双胞胎 的结果。03:49And you can see huge areas of cortex where there aremassive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.你能看到皮层的大片大片区域中 的灰质分布都显著相关。03:58Now,these arent just differences in anatomy,like the shapeof your ear lobes,but they have consequences i
22、n thoughtand behavior that are well illustrated in this famous cartoonby Charles Addams:Separated at birth,the Mallifert twinsmeet accidentally.其实，不止 解剖结构上有差异，类似于你耳垂的形状，它们对思想和行为会产生重大影响，正如在Charles Addams的这幅著名的漫画中很好地展示得那样：“出生时分离，Mallifert双胞胎意外相遇。”04:05As you can see,there are two inventors with identi
23、calcontraptions in their lap,and theyre meeting in the waitingroom of a patent attorney.你可以看到，两个发明家 膝上有相同的玩意儿，他们在专利律师的休息室里相遇。04:24Now,the cartoon is not such an exaggeration,becausestudies of identical twins who were separated at birth andthen tested in adulthood show that they have astonishingsimil
24、arities.其实，这幅漫画并没有很夸张，因为 对出生时分离，成年时测试的同卵双胞胎 的研究表明他们有惊人的相似性。04:30clones:n.无性繁殖系个体;复制品(clone的复数)/v.复制(clone的单三形式);遗使无性繁殖 identical:adj.同一的；完全相同的/n.完全相同的事物 lobes:n.耳垂;脑叶(lobe的复数形式)consequences:n.后果,结果;影响(consequence的复数)illustrated:n.有插画的报章杂志/adj.有插图的/v.阐明;举例说明;给加插图(illustrate的过去分词)contraptions:n.奇妙的装置;
25、精巧的设计 patent:vt.授予专利;取得的专利权/adj.专利的;新奇的;显然的/n.专利权;执照;专利品 exaggeration:n.夸张;夸大之词;夸张的手法 adulthood:n.成年;成人期 similarities:类似/相似之处And this happens in every pair of identical twins separated atbirth ever studied-but much less so with fraternal twinsseparated at birth.并且每一对被研究的 出生时分离的同卵双胞胎都是这样 但出生时分离的异卵双胞胎
26、就远非如此。04:41My favorite example is of a pair of twins,one of whom wasbrought up as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany,theother brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.我偏爱的一个例子中有一对双胞胎，一个在德国的一个纳粹家庭里 被养育成一个天主教徒，另一个在特立尼达的一个犹太家庭中长大。04:49When they walked into the lab in Minnesota,they werewearing ide
27、ntical navy blue shirts with epaulettes,both ofthem liked to dip buttered toast in coffee,当他们走进明尼苏达的实验室时，他们都穿着相同的有肩章的海军蓝衬衫，他们都喜欢把奶油面包浸在咖啡里，05:02both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,both of他们都在手腕上戴着橡皮筋，他们都要在使用抽both of them kept rubber bands around their wrists,both ofthem flushed the to
28、ilet before using it as well as after,andboth of them liked to surprise people by sneezing incrowded elevators to watch them jump.水马桶的前后各冲一次水，他们都喜欢在拥挤的电梯里 打喷嚏来吓人一跳。05:10Now-the story might seem to good to be true,but whenyou administer batteries of psychological tests,you get thesame results-namely,
29、identical twins separated at birthshow quite astonishing similarities.好了 这个故事看似异想天开，但当你进行各种心理测试时，你会得到相同的结果那就是，出生时失散的同卵双胞胎显示出 相当惊人的相似之处。05:24much less:更不用说;不及 Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的/n.天主教徒;罗马天主教 epaulettes:n.(军服上的)肩章;肩纤毛带(epaulette的复数形式,等于epaulets)buttered:adj.涂奶油的;加奶油的/v.涂黄油在(butter的过去分词)bands:n.乐队
30、;法官 wrists:n.手腕(wrist的复数)as well as:也;和一样;不但而且 sneezing:n.打喷嚏/v.打喷嚏(sneeze的ing形式)elevators:n.电梯(elevator的复数形式);升降机 administer:vt.管理;执行;给予/vi.给予帮助;执行遗产管理人的职责;担当管理人 psychological:adj.心理的；心理学的；精神上的Now,given both the common sense and scientific datacalling the doctrine of the blank slate into question,w
31、hyshould it have been such an appealing notion?好了，既然常识 和科学数据 都质疑白板的教条，为何它会是个那么有吸引力的主张？05:39Well,there are a number of political reasons why people havefound it congenial.好吧，人们之所以觉得它合意，其中有几个政治原因。05:48The foremost is that if were blank slates,then,by definition,we are equal,because zero equals zero eq
32、uals zero equalszero.最根本的是，如果我们是空白的石板，那么根据定义，我们就是平等的，因为零等于零等于零等于零。05:51But if something is written on the slate,then some peoplecould have more of it than others,and according to this lineof thinking,that would justify discrimination and inequality.但如果白板上写了东西，那么有些人的就可能比别人写得多，根据这种思路，就会证明 歧视和不平等是有理的。0
33、5:59Another political fear of human nature is that if we are blankslates,we can perfect mankind-the age-old dream of theperfectibility of our species through social engineering.另一种对于人性的政治担忧是，如果我们是空白的石板，我们就能使人类完美 通过社会工程来使我们的物种 臻于完美的古老梦想。06:08Whereas if were born with certain instincts,then perhapssom
34、e of them might condemn us to selfishness,prejudiceand violence.而如果我们有某些与生俱来的本能，那么也许其中有些会把我们 驱入自私，偏见和暴力。06:20doctrine:n.主义;学说;教义;信条 congenial:adj.意气相投的;性格相似的;适意的;一致的 discrimination:n.歧视；区别，辨别；识别力 age-old:adj.古老的;由来已久的 condemn:vt.谴责;判刑,定罪;声讨 prejudice:n.偏见;侵害/vt.损害;使有偏见Well,in the book,I argue that t
35、hese are in fact nonsequiturs.好了，在书中，我主张这些其实都是不当结论。06:28Just to make a long story short:first of all,the concept offairness is not the same as the concept of sameness.长话短说吧：首先，公平的概念 跟相同的概念是不同的。06:32And so when Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration ofIndependence,We hold these truths to be self-e
36、vident,thatall men are created equal,因此，当托马斯杰斐逊 在独立宣言中写道，“我们认为这些真理是不言自明的：所有人生而平等，”06:39he did not mean We hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are clones.他的意思并不是“我们认为这些真理是不言自明的：所有人都是克隆体。”06:48Rather,that all men are equal in terms of their rights,andthat every person ought to be treated
37、 as an individual,andnot prejudged by the statistics of particular groups that theymay belong to.而是所有人在权利方面是平等的，每个人应当被作为 个人来对待，而不是根据 他们所属的特定群体的 统计数据来做预判。06:53Also,even if we were born with certain ignoble motives,theydont automatically lead to ignoble behavior.此外，即使我们生来 有某些卑劣的动机，它们并不会自动导致卑劣的行为。07:06
38、non:adv.非,不/n.投反对票的人,反对票 sequiturs:n.推断,结论(自前提演变的)make a long story short:长话短说,简而言之;总之 first of all:adv.首先 fairness:n.公平;美好;清晰;顺利性 sameness:n.相同;千篇一律;单调 self-evident:adj.不言而喻的;不证自明的 in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 prejudged:vt.预先判断;对预先作出判决/vi.预先判断;对未经详察而预作判断 statistics:n.统计;统计学;统计统计资料 ignoble:adj.不光彩的;卑鄙的
39、;卑贱的 motives:n.动机;目的;运动(motive的复数)/v.使有动机;促动(motive的三单形式)automatically:adv.自动地;机械地;无意识地/adj.不经思索的 leadto:导致;通向That is because the human mind is a complex system withmany parts,and some of them can inhibit others.这是因为人的头脑 是一个有许多组成部分的复杂系统，其中有些可以抑制其他部分。07:13For example,theres excellent reason to believ
40、e that virtuallyall humans are born with a moral sense,and that we havecognitive abilities that allow us to profit from the lessons ofhistory.例如，我们有很好的理由相信 几乎所有人生而具有道德感，并且我们有 从历史的经验教训中获益的认知能力。07:20www.XiYuS锡育软件So even if people did have impulses towards selfishness orgreed,thats not the only thing i
41、n the skull,and there areother parts of the mind that can counteract them.因此，即使人们 对自私或贪婪有冲动，那也不是头颅中仅有的东西，头脑中还有其他部分可以抵消它们。07:32In the book,I go over controversies such as this one,and anumber of other hot buttons,hot zones,Chernobyls,thirdrails,and so on,including the arts,cloning,crime,free will,edu
42、cation,evolution,gender differences,God,homosexuality,infanticide,inequality,Marxism,morality,在书中，我 审视了诸如此类的争论，以及其他一些敏感问题，敏感区域，切尔诺贝利，第三条轨道等等，包括艺术，克隆，犯罪，自由意志，教育，进化，性别差异，上帝，同性恋，杀婴，不平等，马克思主义，道德，07:41inhibit:vt.抑制;禁止 cognitive:adj.认知的，认识的 profit from:得益于;利用 impulses:n.心理冲动;电子脉冲(impulse的复数)/v.推动(impulse的
43、第三人称单数);推进 greed:n.贪婪，贪心 counteract:vt.抵消;中和;阻碍 rails:铁路股票cloning:n.克隆/v.无性繁殖(clone的ing形式)gender:n.性;性别;性交/vt.生(过去式gendered,过去分词gendered,现在分词gendering,第三人称单数genders,形容词genderless)homosexuality:n.同性恋 infanticide:n.杀婴,杀婴者;杀婴犯;杀婴罪Nazism,parenting,politics,race,religion,resource depletion,social enginee
44、ring,technological risk and war.纳粹主义，养育子女，政治，种族，宗教，资源枯竭，社会工程，技术风险和战争。08:00And needless to say,there were certain risks in taking onthese subjects.不用说，讨论这些主题 是有一定风险的。08:07When I wrote a first draft of the book,I circulated it to anumber of colleagues for comments,and here are some ofthe reactions tha
45、t I got:Better get a security camera for yourhouse.当我写了书的初稿时，我分发给一些同事征求意见，这里是我得到的 一些反应：“最好给你的房子装个保安摄像头。”08:13Dont expect to get any more awards,job offers orpositions in scholarly societies.“你别指望还能得到什么奖项、工作机会 或在学术社团里的位置。”08:27Tell your publisher not to list your hometown in yourauthor bio.“告诉你的出版商别在
46、你的个人小传里 列出你的家乡。”08:33Do you have tenure?“你有终身教职了吗？”08:38(Laughter)Well,the book came out in October,and nothingterrible has happened.(笑声)唔，这本书在10月份出版了，还没有发生什么可怕的事。08:40I-I like-There was indeed reason to be nervous,and therewere moments in which I did feel nervous,knowing thehistory of what has happ
47、ened to people whove takencontroversial stands or discovered disquieting findings inthe behavioral sciences.我我喜欢 的确有理由紧张，在某些时刻我确实也感到紧张了，因为我知道 那些在行为科学中 持争议立场 或有令人不安的发现的人 的下场的历史。08:49depletion:n.消耗;损耗;放血 needless:adj.不必要的,不需要的;多余的,无用的 circulated:adj.流通的 awards:n.奖项;判决;劳经奖赏(award的复数)/v.授予(award的三单形式);判
48、给 scholarly:adj.博学的;学者风度的;学者派头的 publisher:n.出版者,出版商;发行人 bio:n.个人简历,小传 tenure:n.任期;占有/vt.授予终身职位 controversial:adj.有争议的；有争论的disquieting:adj.令人不安的;令人忧虑的/v.使不安;使忧虑(disquiet的ing形式)behavioral:adj.行为的There are many cases,some of which I talk about in the book,of people who have been slandered,called Nazis,
49、physicallyassaulted,threatened with criminal prosecution forstumbling across or arguing about controversial findings.有很多这样的事例，有些我在书中谈到了，关于人们因为偶然发现 或者争论有争议的发现，而被诽谤，被称为纳粹，殴打，胁以刑事起诉。09:07And you never know when youre going to come across oneof these booby traps.你永远不知道你何时 会踏入这样的一个陷阱。09:24My favorite exa
50、mple is a pair of psychologists who didresearch on left-handers,and published some data showingthat left-handers are,on average,more susceptible todisease,more prone to accidents and have a shorter lifespan.我最喜欢的例子 是两个研究左撇子的心理学家，他们发表了一些数据，表明平均而言，左撇子更容易受到疾病的侵害，更容易发生意外，寿命也更短。09:28Its not clear,by the