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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件In the year 1919,a virtually unknown German mathematiciannamed Theodor Kaluza suggested a very bold and,in someways,a very bizarre idea.在1919年，一位显为人知名叫“西奥多?卡鲁扎”的德国数学家 提出了一个大胆，甚至有些异乎寻常的猜想。00:13He proposed that our universe might actually have morethan the three dimensions that we are all
2、 aware of.他认为在我们的宇宙 可能实际上包含不只三个维度 并非像我们一贯所认为的那样。00:29That is in addition to left,right,back,forth and up,down,Kaluza proposed that there might be additional dimensionsof space that for some reason we dont yet see.除了我们熟悉的左和右，前与后，上跟下外，“卡鲁扎”认为空间里可能包含有额外的维度 只是因为某些特殊原因，我们还无法认知。00:37Now,when someone makes
3、 a bold and bizarre idea,sometimes thats all it is-bold and bizarre,but it hasnothing to do with the world around us.当一个人有了大胆怪异的猜想，我们通常只会关注其大胆和古怪的部分，而这部分和我们存在的现实世界是毫无关联的。00:48This particular idea,however-although we dont yet knowwhether its right or wrong,and at the end Ill discussexperiments which,
4、in the next few years,may tell us whetherits right or wrong-但是这一次，面对于这个猜想-虽然我们还不知道它的正确与否，之后我会谈谈一些会在未来几年里进行的实验，可能会证实它的真伪-00:57this idea has had a major impact on physics in the lastcentury and continues to inform a lot of cutting-edgeresearch.这个猜想在上个世纪已经给物理学界带来了重大冲击 毫无疑问，它会进一步推动大量前沿学科的研究。01:07mathema
5、tician:n.数学家/善作数字计算的人 bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度，容貌，款式等)proposed:adj.被提议的;所推荐的/v.提议;计划(propose的过去式和过去分词)dimensions:n.规模,大小 in addition to:除之外 cutting-edge:n.(刀片的)刃口;尖端;前沿/adj.先进的,尖端的So Id like to tell you something about the story of theseextra dimensions.所以，我想借此机会与你一起探讨一下这些“额外的维度”。01:14So where do we go?我
6、们从哪里开始好呢？01:18To begin we need a little bit of back story.Go to 1907.先让我们谈一些背景知识吧。话说1907年，01:20This is a year when Einstein is basking in the glow of havingdiscovered the special theory of relativity and decides to takeon a new project-to try to understand fully the grand,pervasive force of gravity.
7、那年“爱因斯坦”已经成功地 发现了狭义相对论并且正计划开启一个新的课题研究-进一步深入地发掘被大家普遍认知的重力的由来。01:23And in that moment,there are many people around whothought that that project had already been resolved.那时，很多人 认为该课题早已被攻克了。01:40Newton had given the world a theory of gravity in the late1600s that works well,describes the motion of plan
8、ets,themotion of the moon and so forth,“牛顿”已经在17世纪末提出了重力理论 该理论可以正确地描述了星球间的运动，月亮的运动等等，01:47the motion of apocryphal of apples falling from trees,hittingpeople on the head.但这个导致苹果坠落的令人质疑的运动，一直困扰着大家。01:56All of that could be described using Newtons work.虽然这些运动都可以运用牛顿理论来描述，02:01But Einstein realized tha
9、t Newton had left something out ofthe story,because even Newton had written that although heunderstood how to calculate the effect of gravity,hed beenunable to figure out how it really works.但是“爱因斯坦”意识到“牛顿”遗留下了一些未解的东西，甚至“牛顿”本人也提到 虽然他明白如何计算“重力”的影响，但是他无法真切地了解“重力”究竟是如何工作的。02:03basking:晒太阳/姥鲨 pervasive:
10、adj.普遍的;到处渗透的;流行的 resolved:adj.下定决心的;已解决的;断然的/v.解决;决定;分解;转变(resolve的过去分词)Newton:n.牛顿(英国科学家);牛顿(力的单位)apocryphal:adj.伪的;可疑的How is it that the Sun,93 million miles away,somehow itaffects the motion of the earth?为什么距离地球9千3百万英里外的太阳，可以影响到地球的运动？02:18How does the Sun reach out across empty inert space andex
11、ert influence?太阳是如何超越空旷无极的宇宙来施展它的魔力？02:24And that is a task to which Einstein set himself-to figureout how gravity works.这恰恰是“爱因斯坦”想探讨地-究竟“重力”是从何而来。02:28And let me show you what it is that he found.让我们来看看他究竟发现了什么。02:34So Einstein found that the medium that transmits gravity is“爱因斯坦”发现 传递“重力”的媒介其实就是空
12、间本身。02:37TED演讲者：Brian Greene|布瑞恩.格林尼演讲标题：The universe on a string|使弦理论的意义内容概要：Physicist Brian Greene explains superstring theory,the idea that minscule strands ofenergy vibrating in 11 dimensions create every particle and force in the universe.Brian Greene is perhaps the best-known proponent of supe
13、rstring theory,the idea thatminuscule strands of energy vibrating in a higher dimensional space-time create every particleand force in the universe.So Einstein found that the medium that transmits gravity isspace itself.空间本身。02:37The idea goes like this:imagine space is a substrate of allthere is.他的
14、观点是这样的：想象空间是承载万物的本源。02:42Einstein said space is nice and flat,if theres no matterpresent.“爱因斯坦”认为在没有任何物质存在的情况下，空间是细致扁平的。02:46But if there is matter in the environment,such as the Sun,itcauses the fabric of space to warp,to curve.但在有物质存在的情况下，比如说太阳，它会导致这个类似织布的空间扭曲。02:50And that communicates the force
15、of gravity.而这导致了“重力”的产生。02:58Even the earth warps space around it.地球同样会扭曲在它四周的空间。03:00Now look at the moon.你看月亮。03:03inert:adj.化学惰性的;呆滞的;迟缓的;无效的 transmits:vt.传输;传播;发射;传达;遗传/vi.传输;发射信号 substrate:n.基质;基片;底层(等于substratum);酶作用物 warp:n.弯曲,歪曲;偏见;乖戾/vt.使变形;使有偏见;曲解/vi.变歪,变弯;曲解 warps:n.纺经纱(warp的复数);空间扭曲;物弯曲/
16、v.弄歪;使翘曲(warp的第三人称单数)The moon is kept in orbit,according to these ideas,becauseit rolls along a valley in the curved environment that the sunand the moon and the earth can all create by virtue of theirpresence.根据这个想法，月亮之所以能保持在它的轨道上，是因为它沿着曲面的内测旋转 太阳，地球，月亮间的影响力均是因为它们本身的存在而产生的。03:05We go to a full-fram
17、e view of this.我们来总体看一下。03:16The earth itself is kept in orbit because it rolls along a valleyin the environment thats curved because of the sunspresence.地球之所以保持在其轨道上 是因为它旋转的曲面是 太阳的存在而产生的。03:19That is this new idea about how gravity actually works.这是一个崭新的关于“重力”由来的观点。03:27Now,this idea was tested in
18、1919 through astronomicalobservations.随后，这个观点在1919年通过天文观测被肯定。03:32It really works.It describes the data.这个观点能够正确的解释相关的数据。03:37And this gained Einstein prominence around the world.这使得“爱因斯坦”在世界上名声大震。03:40And that is what got Kaluza thinking.而这也促使了“卡鲁扎”去思考。03:44He,like Einstein,was in search of what we
19、 call a unifiedtheory.他和“爱因斯坦”一样，也在寻找我们称之的“统一理论”。03:48orbit:n.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;生活常规/vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行/vt.绕轨道而行 curved:adj.弯曲的;弄弯的/n.倒弧角/vt.弯曲(curve的过去式)by virtue of:由于,凭借 astronomical:adj.天文的,天文学的;极大的 observations:n.观察,观察值;观察结果;(观察后发表的)言论(observation的复数形式)prominence:n.突出;显著;突出物;卓越 in search of:寻找;搜寻 unified:adj
20、.统一的;一致标准的/v.统一;使一致(unify的过去分词)Thats one theory that might be able to describe all ofnatures forces from one set of ideas,one set of principles,one master equation,if you will.一个理论 能够用来描述所有自然间的作用力，可以是一整套观点，一整套法则，或者一条主宰万物的等式，用你的话来说。03:52So Kaluza said to himself,Einstein has been able to describegrav
21、ity in terms of warps and curves in space-in fact,space and time,to be more precise.所以“卡鲁扎”自认为，“爱因斯坦”能够用扭曲的空间来 描述“重力”-更精确的来说，用空间和时间。04:02Maybe I can play the same game with the other known force,which was,at that time,known as the electromagnetic force-we know of others today,but at that time that w
22、as theonly other one people were thinking about.也许我也可以用相同的方式来描述其他已知的作用力，也就是当时已经被认知的电磁力-今天我们知道有更多的作用力，但在那个时期 电磁力是另一个唯一被大众所思索的。04:12You know,the force responsible for electricity and magneticattraction and so forth.你看，这种作用力反应了电场 和磁场的相互作用。04:24So Kaluza says,maybe I can play the same game anddescribe e
23、lectromagnetic force in terms of warps and curves.所以“卡鲁扎”认为，也许我可以用相同的方式同样以“扭曲”为基点来描述电磁力。04:28That raised a question:warps and curves in what?于是就有了进一步的问题：“扭曲”的依托是什么？04:35Einstein had already used up space and time,warps andcurves,to describe gravity.“爱因斯坦”已经借用了空间和时间，并以其“扭曲”的结果来描述重力。04:38There didnt s
24、eem to be anything else to warp or curve.似乎没有什么别的什么依托对象来实施“扭曲”了。04:45in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 curves:n.数曲线;弯曲状(curve的复数形式)/v.弯曲;使弯曲(curve的第三人称单数)electromagnetic:adj.电磁的So Kaluza said,well,maybe there are more dimensions ofspace.于是“卡鲁扎”想，这样吧，也许空间里包含有更多的维度。04:48He said,if I want to describe one more
25、force,maybe I needone more dimension.他想，如果我要描述另一个作用力，也许我需要增加一个维度。04:53So he imagined that the world had four dimensions of space,not three,and imagined that electromagnetism was warpsand curves in that fourth dimension.Now heres the thing:所以他想象这个世界是由四个维度的空间组成，而不是三个，并且电磁力的作用是在第四维度上的“扭曲”而产生的。请注意这里：04:
26、57when he wrote down the equations describing warps andcurves in a universe with four space dimensions,not three,hefound the old equations that Einstein had already derived inthree dimensions-those were for gravity-but he foundone more equation because of the one more dimension.当他在写方程式组来描述四度空间的“扭曲”，
27、不再是三度空间的时候，他发现“爱因斯坦”以三度空间为模型构建的方程式组-就是用来描述重力的-因其添加了额外的一维空间而增加了一个方程式。05:07And when he looked at that equation.当他查看这个方程式时，05:22It was none other than the equation that scientists had longknown to describe the electromagnetic force.发现没有别的方程式 被其他的科学家用来描述这个被熟知的电磁力。05:24Amazing-it just popped out.太奇妙了-就这样
28、被发现了。05:29dimension:n.方面;数维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸/adj.规格的 electromagnetism:n.电磁;电磁学 equations:n.方程式;等式;均等;均势(equation的复数形式)describing:v.描述;表示(describe的ing形式)/adj.描述的 derived:adj.导出的;衍生的,派生的/v.得到;推断(derive的过去分词);由而来 known to:已知的 popped:adj.被警察局拘押的;被逮捕的/v.突然爆开;突然地出现;取出(pop的过去分词)www.XiYuS锡育软件He was so excite
29、d by this realization that he ran around hishouse screaming,Victory!-that he had found the unifiedtheory.对于这个发现，他万分激动 他围绕着房子边跑边叫，“成功喽！”-他已经发现了“统一理论”。05:31Now clearly,Kaluza was a man who took theory veryseriously.很明显，“卡鲁扎”极为地偏重“理论”。05:40He,in fact-there is a story that when he wanted to learnhow to
30、swim,he read a book,a treatise on swimming-他，实际上-有一个故事，当他想要学习游泳的时候，他读了本论述游泳的书-05:47(Laughter)（大笑声）05:54-then dove into the ocean.-然后就跳到海里去了。05:55This is a man who would risk his life on theory.他就是这种将生命系于理论的人。05:57Now,but for those of us who are a little bit more practically-minded,two questions imme
31、diately arise from hisobservation.你看，想我们这些稍微有些实践头脑的人，就他的研究上，两个问题会立即产生。06:00Number one:if there are more dimensions in space,whereare they?第一个问题：如果空间中含有额外的维度，它们在哪里？06:07We dont seem to see them.似乎我们并没有观察到。06:11And number two:does this theory really work in detail,whenyou try to apply it to the world
32、around us?第二个问题：这个理论确实能真实详尽地 应用于我们的世界么？06:13Now the first question was answered in 1926 by a fellownamed Oskar Klein.第一个问题在1926年被 一个名叫“奥斯卡 克莱恩”的回答了。06:20treatise:n.论述;论文;专著 dove:n.鸽子;鸽派人士/v.潜水(dive的过去式)in detail:详细地He suggested that dimensions might come in two varieties-there might be big,easy-to-s
33、ee dimensions,but theremight also be tiny,curled-up dimensions,他认为维度可能以两种形式存在-一种维度可能很大，很容易被认知，另一种可能很小，卷曲在一起的维度，06:26curled up so small,even though theyre all around us,thatwe dont see them.因为卷曲得太小了，虽然存在于我们周围，但我们无法认知。06:36Let me show you that one visually.请看这里的图像演示。06:41So imagine youre looking at so
34、mething like a cablesupporting a traffic light.设想你正在关注 一根支持交通灯的钢缆。06:43Its in Manhattan.Youre in Central Park-its kind ofirrelevant-but the cable looks one dimensional from adistant viewpoint,but you and I all know that it does havesome thickness.是在曼哈顿。你正在中央公园-好像跑题了-从远处看，钢缆貌似是一维的，但大家都知道钢缆是有粗细之分的。06:
35、47Its very hard to see it,though,from far away.虽然从远处来看是非常难辩认的。06:57But if we zoom in and take the perspective of,say,a little antwalking around-little ants are so small that they can accessall of the dimensions-the long dimension,but also thisclockwise,counter-clockwise direction.但如果我们聚焦来看，比如，一只小蚂蚁在
36、上面爬行着-因为蚂蚁的微小，它可以穿越不同的维度-长的维度，同样顺时针和逆时针的方向。06:59varieties:n.品种;种类(variety的复数);变种 curled:adj.卷曲的;鬈发的/v.纸卷曲;环绕(curl的过去分词)visually:adv.形象化地;外表上;看得见地 irrelevant:adj.不相干的;不切题的 dimensional:adj.空间的;尺寸的 thickness:n.厚度;层;浓度;含混不清 clockwise:adv.顺时针方向地/adj.顺时针方向的 counter-clockwise:adj.逆时针方向的And I hope you appre
37、ciate this.同时，我希望你们能感激我们所做的。07:11It took so long to get these ants to do this.我们费了很大功夫才让蚂蚁做到了这些。07:13(Laughter)But this illustrates the fact that dimensions can beof two sorts:big and small.And the idea that maybe the bigdimensions around us are the ones that we can easily see,（大笑声）但这却阐明了维度可以有两种类型的事
38、实：大的和小的。大的维度就存在于我们的周围 我们可以轻易的识别，07:15but there might be additional dimensions curled up,sort oflike the circular part of that cable,so small that they have sofar remained invisible.但也可能存在有额外的卷曲维度，就像钢缆的柱面，因为过于微小而未被发掘。07:25Let me show you what that would look like.让我们来看看它可能的形状。07:34So if we take a loo
39、k,say,at space itself-I can only show,ofcourse,two dimensions on a screen.如果我们要看空间本身-当然，在屏幕上只能显示两个维度。07:36Some of you guys will fix that one day,but anything thatsnot flat on a screen is a new dimension,goes smaller,smaller,smaller,and way down in the microscopic depths of spaceitself-this is the id
40、ea:you could have additional curled updimensions.将来你们之中的一些人会解决这个问题，当然任何不处于平面上的部分是在一个新的维度上，让我们深入，深入，再深入，一直深入到细微的空间本身-这里是关键：空间里可以包含额外的卷曲维度。07:43Here is a little shape of a circle-so small that we dont seethem.这就是小圆环-因为太小了所以我们无法观察到。07:56But if you were a little ultra microscopic ant walking around,you
41、could walk in the big dimensions that we all know about-thats like the grid part-但如果你是超微小的爬行蚂蚁，你既可以在我们公认的大维度上爬行-就像在这些格子里-07:59illustrates:v.阐明;举例说明(illustrate的三单形式);给加插图 microscopic:adj.微观的;用显微镜可见的 ultra:adj.极端的;过分的/n.极端主义者;过激论者;急进论者but you could also access the tiny curled-up dimension thatsso smal
42、l that we cant see it with the naked eye or even withany of our most refined equipment.也可以在微小的卷曲维度里自由进出 因为它实在太微小了，我们无法用肉眼直接看到 甚至用我们最精良的仪器也无法观测到。08:07But deeply tucked into the fabric of space itself,the idea isthere could be more dimensions,as we see there.但当深入到类似织布的空间本身，可能会存在更多的维度，正像我们刚才看到的。08:15No
43、w thats an explanation about how the universe couldhave more dimensions than the ones that we see.而这就是解释 为什么宇宙中能够包含有更多的维度而并非我们所习惯认知的。08:22But what about the second question that I asked:does thetheory actually work when you try to apply it to the realworld?那么对于我刚才提出的第二个问题：这个理论能够 被运用于实践么？08:30Well,it
44、 turns out that Einstein and Kaluza and many othersworked on trying to refine this framework and apply it to thephysics of the universe as was understood at the time,and indetail it didnt work.其实，“爱因斯坦”，“卡鲁扎”以及其他 致力于优化这个体系 并试图将其应用于当时被认知到的宇宙物理学，发现在细微处该理论并不能反应现状。08:37In detail,for instance,they couldn
45、t get the mass of theelectron to work out correctly in this theory.在细微处，比如说，他们无法得到与理论计算 相一致的电子数。08:52So many people worked on it,but by the 40s,certainly bythe 50s,this strange but very compelling idea of how tounify the laws of physics had gone away.曾经很多人致力于此研究，但从40年代，确切地说50年代起，这个奇怪但引人入胜的课题 关于如何统一物
46、理学法则的想法没落了。08:57refined:adj.油气化工冶精炼的;精确的;微妙的;有教养的 tucked:vt.盘(腿);盘(头发);使有褶裥;使折叠;收拢(tuck的过去分词)/vi.缝褶裥;折叠(tuck的过去分词)compelling:adj.引人注目的;强制的;激发兴趣的/v.强迫;以强力获得(compel的ing形式)Until something wonderful happened in our age.直到在我们这个年代，一些奇妙的事情发生了。09:09In our era,a new approach to unify the laws of physics isbe
47、ing pursued by physicists such as myself,many othersaround the world,its called Superstring Theory,as you wereindicating.在我们的时代，物理学家们正在尝试用一种新的理论 来统一物理学，这其中包括我 也包括世界各地的物理学家 这种理论被称作“超弦理论”09:13And the wonderful thing is that superstring theory hasnothing to do at first sight with this idea of extradime
48、nsions,but when we study superstring theory,we findthat it resurrects the idea in a sparkling new form.“超弦理论”奇妙之处在于 乍一看它和多维度并没有什么关系 但是当我们深入研究“超弦理论”的时候 我们发现它以一种崭新的方式使这个理念得以复苏09:24So let me just tell you how that goes.下面让我来解释其中的道理09:38Superstring theory-what is it?什么是“超弦理论”？09:40Well,its a theory that
49、 tries to answer the question:what arethe basic fundamental indivisible uncuttable constituentsmaking up everything in the world around us?它是一个试图回答以下问题的理论 在这个世界上，围绕着我们的万事万物都是由什么样的 最基本的，不可再分的成分组成的？09:42pursued:v.追击,追踪;继续从事(pursue的过去分词形式)physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数)Superstring:n.超弦 indicatin
50、g:n.表明;指示/v.表明;指示;要求(indicate的ing形式)/adj.指示的 at first sight:乍一看;初看之下 resurrects:vt.使复活;复兴;挖出/vi.复活 sparkling:adj.闪闪发光的,闪烁的;起泡沫的/v.闪耀;发出火花;起泡沫(sparkle的ing形式)indivisible:adj.不能分割的;数除不尽的/n.不可分割之事物;极微小物 uncuttable:不可切的 constituents:n.成分(constituent的复数)The idea is like this.这个理论的观点是09:53So imagine we loo