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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件To give me an idea of how many of you here may find whatIm about to tell you of practical value,let me ask you pleaseto raise your hands:为了让我知道这里有多少人 待会儿会觉得我告诉你的事情 有实用价值,请符合条件的人把手举起来:00:12Who here is either over 65 years old or hopes to live past age65 or has parents or grandparents who
2、 did live or have livedpast 65,raise your hands please.(Laughter)这里有谁已经超过65岁 或者想要活到65岁以后 或者有父母、祖父母的岁数 达到或超过65岁,请举手。（笑声）00:21Okay.You are the people to whom my talk will be ofpractical value.(Laughter)The rest of you wont find my talkpersonally relevant,but I think that you will still find thesubject
3、 fascinating.好。你们就是会发现我的演讲 有用的人。（笑声）其他人,不会觉得我的演讲和你有切身的关系,但我觉得你仍会发现这个主题 非常有趣。00:36Im going to talk about growing older in traditional societies.我要谈一谈在传统的社会里 慢慢变老是什么样子。00:47This subject constitutes just one chapter of my latest book,which compares traditional,small,tribal societies with ourlarge,moder
4、n societies,with respect to many topics such asbringing up children,growing older,health,dealing withdanger,settling disputes,religion and speaking more thanone language.这一主题是我新书的 一章,这本书在比较 传统上基于部落的小社会,与我们现在的庞大社会之间,在许多事情上都有很大不同,例如后代的培养,老年问题,健康问题、危机处理,领土和宗教争端等,现在社会很多人都能说一种以上语言。00:51grandparents:n.祖父母
5、(grandparent的复数);外祖父母 constitutes:v.构成(constitute的单三形式);组成 compares:比较/比得上 with respect:怀有敬意 settling:n.安置;固定;沉淀物;移居/v.解决;安居(settle的ing形式)disputes:n.争论(dispute的复数)/v.争论(dispute的单数第三人称)Those tribal societies,which constituted all human societiesfor most of human history,are far more diverse than are
6、ourmodern,recent,big societies.这中小部落社会组织形式 是人类漫长历史上最主要的社会形式,远比我们现代的,近代的大社会 更多样化。01:15All big societies that have governments,and where mostpeople are strangers to each other,are inevitably similar toeach other and different from tribal societies.所有具有政府的,且大多数人互不认识的大社会,都不可避免地相互类似 并且与部落社会不同。01:26Tribes
7、 constitute thousands of natural experiments in how torun a human society.部落的形成是大自然实验的结果 成千上万次的实验形成了部落的多样性。01:36They constitute experiments from which we ourselves may beable to learn.在大自然的实验中,部落形成的过程中 我们可以学到很多。01:42Tribal societies shouldnt be scorned as primitive andmiserable,but also they shouldn
8、t be romanticized as happyand peaceful.(我们）不应该认为部落社会 原始而悲惨的,并因此看不起它们 但也不应该觉得它们是 幸福与和平的,从而把其浪漫化。01:47When we learn of tribal practices,some of them will horrifyus,but there are other tribal practices which,when we hearabout them,we may admire and envy and wonder whetherwe could adopt those practices
9、ourselves.当我们去了解部落的做法时,有些做法会吓坏我们,但也有其他部落的做法,当我们听说时,我们可能会觉得佩服和羡慕 并思考,是否我们自己,也可以采取这些做法。01:55constituted:vt.组成,构成;建立;任命 diverse:adj.不同的；多种多样的；变化多的 inevitably:adv.不可避免地；必然地similar to:与相似;和相同 scorned:v.嘲笑(scorn的过去分词);轻蔑/adj.鄙视的;轻蔑的 romanticized:vi.浪漫化;传奇化/vt.使浪漫化;使传奇化 learn of:听说,听到;获悉 horrify:vt.使恐惧;惊骇;
10、使极度厌恶 adopt:vt.采取;接受;收养;正式通过/vi.采取;过继Most old people in the U.S.end up living separately fromtheir children and from most of their friends of their earlieryears,and often they live in separate retirements homes forthe elderly,whereas in traditional societies,older peopleinstead live out their lives
11、among their children,their otherrelatives,and their lifelong friends.生活在美国的大多数老人,最终 都与子女分开生活他们年轻时就认识的朋友们 也会相互分开,他们很可能生活在单独为老人设立的养老院里,而在传统社会中,年纪大的人和他们的子女,他们的其他亲戚,以及他们认识了一辈子的朋友生活在一起。02:10Nevertheless,the treatment of the elderly varies enormouslyamong traditional societies,from much worse to much bett
12、er虽然,老年人的待遇 在不同的传统社会间差别极大,有比我们的现代社会糟糕很多的,也有比我们的现代社会好很多的。02:32TED演讲者：Jared Diamond|贾雷德.戴蒙德演讲标题：How societies can grow old better|让现代社会中的老人生活的更好内容概要：There.s an irony behind the latest efforts to extend human life:It.s no picnic to be anold person in a youth-oriented society.Older people can become iso
13、lated,lacking meaningfulwork and low on funds.In this intriguing talk,Jared Diamond looks at how many differentsocieties treat their elders-some better,some worse-and suggests we all take advantage ofexperience.在最新的延长人类寿命的努力背后，隐藏着一个讽刺的事实:在一个以青年人为导向的社会里做一个老人并不是件愉快的事情。老人会变得孤立，缺乏有意义的工作以及贫困。在这个特别的演讲里，贾雷
14、德.戴蒙德着眼于许多不同的社会如何对待自己的长辈 一些很好，一些很糟 并且建议大家要从经验中学习。among traditional societies,from much worse to much betterthan in our modern societies.代社会好很多的。02:32At the worst extreme,many traditional societies get rid oftheir elderly in one of four increasingly direct ways:byneglecting their elderly and not feed
15、ing or cleaning themuntil they die,or by abandoning them when the groupmoves,or by encouraging older people to commit suicide,orby killing older people.在最坏的极端,许多传统社会 通过以下四种一种比一种残忍的方式 来处理部落中的老年人:第一种做法是忽略他们 不给他们吃的,不打理他们,任其自生自灭,第二种做法是在整个群体迁移时,抛弃他们,第三种做法是迫使老人自杀,最后,最残忍的,杀死老人。02:42separately:adv.分别地;分离地;个
16、别地 retirements:n.劳经退休(retirement的复数形式)live out:住在外面;活过(某一段时间);实践,实现 relatives:n.亲属;语关系词(relative的复数)lifelong:adj.终身的 varies:n.多重复合/v.使不同;改变;违背(vary的三单形式)enormously:adv.巨大地，庞大地；非常地，在极大程度上 At the worst:adj.在最坏的情况下;从坏处想neglecting:疏忽/被忽视的/忽视/疏于照管 abandoning:v.放弃;屈服(abandon的现在分词)In which tribal societies
17、 do children abandon or kill theirparents?到底是什么样的部落社会,子女会抛弃或杀死他们的父母？03:05It happens mainly under two conditions.主要在以下两个环境下会发生。03:10One is in nomadic,hunter-gather societies that often shiftcamp and that are physically incapable of transporting oldpeople who cant walk when the able-bodied youngerpeop
18、le already have to carry their young children and alltheir physical possessions.一个情况是游牧部落,打猎和采摘为食的社会 这些部落常常需要迁移,他们没有能力 带着无法自己迁移的老人,四肢健全的年轻人 要携带年幼的子女和其所有的物质财产。03:13The other condition is in societies living in marginal orfluctuating environments,such as the Arctic or deserts,where there are periodic
19、food shortages,and occasionallythere just isnt enough food to keep everyone alive.另一种是生活在极端恶劣 或极端不稳定环境中的部落,比如北极或沙漠,这些地方有周期性的粮食短缺,并且时不时的会有饥荒,粮食无法满足所有人。03:30Whatever food is available has to be reserved for able-bodied adults and for children.这种情况下,食物必须 为健全的成年人和儿童保留。03:45abandon:n.狂热;放任/vt.遗弃;放弃 nomad
20、ic:adj.游牧的;流浪的;游动的 incapable:adj.不能的;无能力的;不能胜任的transporting:运输;猜火车(电影名)/v.运输(transport的ing形式)able-bodied:adj.强壮的,健全的 possessions:n.经财产;所有物(possession的复数形式)marginal:adj.边缘的；临界的；末端的 fluctuating:v.波动(fluctuate的ing形式)/adj.波动的;变动的 periodic:adj.周期的；定期的 shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式)reserved:adj.保留的,预订的;
21、缄默的,冷淡的;包租的/v.保留(reserve的过去分词)To us Americans,it sounds horrible to think of abandoning orkilling your own sick wife or husband or elderly mother orfather,but what could those traditional societies dodifferently?对我们美国人来说,这听起来非常可怕,想想抛弃或杀死 你自己生病的妻子或丈夫 或年迈的母亲或父亲,但是,那些传统社会还可能 怎么样呢？03:52They face a cruel
22、 situation of no choice.他们面对别无选择的残酷态势。04:07Their old people had to do it to their own parents,and theold people know what now is going to happen to them.他们的老人都不得不对自己的父母做这样的事情,并且老人们知道 现在什么会发生在他们身上。04:10At the opposite extreme in treatment of the elderly,thehappy extreme,are the New Guinea farming soc
23、ieties whereIve been doing my fieldwork for the past 50 years,and mostother sedentary traditional societies around the world.在对待老人的另一个极端 这个快乐的极端,是在新几内亚的农耕社会 过去 50 多年来,我在那里做野外调查 还有大多数其他在世界各地 定居的传统社会。04:18In those societies,older people are cared for.在这些社会中,老年人受到照顾。04:33They are fed.They remain valuab
24、le.他们被（子女）赡养。他们仍有价值。04:36And they continue to live in the same hut or else in a nearbyhut near their children,relatives and lifelong friends.而且他们继续住在同一屋檐下,或是住在靠近他们子女,或其他亲属和好朋友住处 附近的小屋。04:38There are two main sets of reasons for this variation amongsocieties in their treatment of old people.在不同的社会中,有
25、这样不同的 对待老人的态度和方式,主要有两组原因。04:47fieldwork:n.野外工作;现场工作;野战工事 sedentary:adj.久坐的;坐惯的;定栖的;静坐的 or else:否则;要不然The variation depends especially on the usefulness of oldpeople and on the societys values.这种不同尤其取决于 老人依然能够体现自己的价值 以及当地社会的价值观。04:53First,as regards usefulness,older people continue toperform useful s
26、ervices.第一点是关于老人的价值,老人可继续提供有用的服务。05:00One use of older people in traditional societies is that theyoften are still effective at producing food.在传统社会中老人的一个用处 是他们常常仍可以生产食物。05:05Another traditional usefulness of older people is that they arecapable of babysitting their grandchildren,thereby freeingup t
27、heir own adult children,the parents of thosegrandchildren,to go hunting and gathering food for thegrandchildren.另一种老年人的传统用处,是他们有能力帮忙照看他们的孙辈,从而让其成年子女,那些孙子们的父母,去狩猎和采集食物给孙子们。05:12Still another traditional value of older people is in makingtools,weapons,baskets,pots and textiles.还有另一个老年人的传统价值 是在于制作工具、武器
28、、篮子、锅碗和纺织品。05:28In fact,theyre usually the people who are best at it.事实上,他们通常是擅长的人。05:35Older people usually are the leaders of traditional societies,and the people most knowledgeable about politics,medicine,religion,songs and dances.老人通常是传统社会 的领导人,也是在政治、医学、宗教、歌曲和舞蹈方面最有知识的人。05:38usefulness:n.有用;有效性;
29、有益 as regards:至于,关于 freeing:v.释放;解除;使免除(free的ing形式)baskets:n.篮子(basket的复数)/v.把放入篮内(basket的第三人称单数)pots:abbr.光学地面模拟器(Photo-OpticalTerrainSimulator);简易老式电话服务(PlainOldTelephoneService)textiles:n.纺织品;纺纺织业;纺织面料;纺织品类(textile的复数)knowledgeable:adj.知识渊博的,有知识的;有见识的;聪明的Finally,older people in traditional societ
30、ies have a hugesignificance that would never occur to us in our modern,literate societies,where our sources of information are booksand the Internet.最后,在传统社会中的老年人 具有一个巨大的,且在我们的现代文明社会中 永远不会想到的重要性,因为我们的信息来源是书 和互联网。05:50In contrast,in traditional societies without writing,olderpeople are the repositori
31、es of information.相比之下,在没有文字书写的传统社会,老人是信息的存储库。06:04Its their knowledge that spells the difference betweensurvival and death for their whole society in a time of crisiscaused by rare events for which only the oldest people alivehave had experience.他们的知识是其整个社会 在罕见事件引起的危机时 存亡的关键 因为唯一活着的,最年长的老人 才会有经验。06
32、:11Those,then,are the ways in which older people are useful intraditional societies.那些就是老人 在传统社会中有用的地方。06:26Their usefulness varies and contributes to variation in thesocietys treatment of the elderly.他们的用处会不同,并决定了 社会对待老人 态度的不同。06:31The other set of reasons for variation in the treatment of theelder
33、ly is the societys cultural values.另一组（不同社会）对待老人 有差异的原因是 社会的文化价值观。06:38For example,theres particular emphasis on respect for theelderly in East Asia,associated with Confucius doctrine offilial piety,which means obedience,respect and support forelderly parents.例如,对在东亚地区,（其文化）特别强调对老人的尊重,这与孔子的孝道學說有关 也即
34、是服从,尊重并支持年迈的父母。06:45occur to:vi.被想到 literate:adj.受过教育的；精通文学的/n.学者 spells:v.拼写(spell的第三人称单数)/n.符咒;魅力(spell的复数);一段时间 contributes:图情投稿/经捐助/经捐献(contribute的第三人称单数)doctrine:n.主义;学说;教义;信条filial:adj.孝顺的;子女的,当做子女的 piety:n.虔诚;孝敬;虔诚的行为或语言 obedience:n.顺从;服从;遵守Cultural values that emphasize respect for older peo
35、plecontrast with the low status of the elderly in the U.S.强调尊重老年人的文化价值观 与在美国,老人的地位低微 形成了鲜明对比。07:01Older Americans are at a big disadvantage in jobapplications.美国老年人在工作申请中 处于很大的劣势。07:10Theyre at a big disadvantage in hospitals.他们在医院也处于很大的劣势。07:14Our hospitals have an explicit policy called age-baseda
36、llocation of healthcare resources.我们的医院有明确的政策 称为“基于年龄分配医疗资源”。07:17That sinister expression means that if hospital resources arelimited,for example if only one donor heart becomesavailable for transplant,or if a surgeon has time to operateon only a certain number of patients,这种政策的表述听起来充满恶意:如果医院资源是有限的
37、,例如,如果只有一个捐助者的心脏 可供移植,或者,如果一个外科医生 在一定时间中只能为少数几个患者做手术,07:25American hospitals have an explicit policy of givingpreference to younger patients over older patients on thegrounds that younger patients are considered more valuableto society美国的医院有明确的政策,（这些资源）要优先给年轻的患者 而不是老年患者,理由是年轻患者被认为 对社会更有价值07:38becaus
38、e they have more years of life ahead of them,eventhough the younger patients have fewer years of valuable lifeexperience behind them.因为他们还有更多年的生活在等待他们,即使较年轻的患者有较少的 宝贵生活经验。07:50explicit:adj.明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的 allocation:n.分配,配置;安置 healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健 sinister:adj.阴险的;凶兆的;灾难性的;左边的 donor:n.捐赠
39、者;供者;赠送人/adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的transplant:vt.移植;迁移;使移居/n.移植;移植器官;被移植物;移居者/vi.移植;迁移;移居 operate on:对动手术;对起作用www.XiYuS锡育软件There are several reasons for this low status of the elderly inthe U.S.美国的老人地位如此低 有几个原因。08:00One is our Protestant work ethic which places high value onwork,so older people who are no lon
40、ger working arentrespected.一是我们新教的工作伦理 这个伦理给予“工作”很大的价值,所以不再能工作的老年人 不被尊重。08:04Another reason is our American emphasis on the virtues ofself-reliance and independence,so we instinctively lookdown on older people who are no longer self-reliant andindependent.另一个原因是我们美国人强调 自主和独立的美德所以我们本能地看不起 不再自力更生而独立的老
41、年人。08:14Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,which shows第三个原因是我们美国式的,对年轻的崇拜,甚至在我们的广告中就显示了这点。08:27Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,which showsup even in our advertisements.我们的广告中就显示了这点。08:27Ads for Coca-Cola and beer always depict smiling youngpeople,even though old as
42、 well as young people buy anddrink Coca-Cola and beer.可口可乐和啤酒的广告总是描绘 微笑着的年轻人,即使老人象年轻人一样 会去买可口可乐和啤酒。08:34Just think,whats the last time you saw a Coke or beer addepicting smiling people 85 years old?Never.想一想,你最后一次看到 可乐或者啤酒的广告描绘微笑着的 85 岁老人是什么时候？从来没有。08:43Instead,the only American ads featuring white-
43、haired oldpeople are ads for retirement homes and pension planning.相反,唯一以白发老人 为主角的美国广告 是眼泪院和养老计划的广告。08:50ethic:n.伦理;道德规范/adj.伦理的;道德的(等于ethical)virtues:n.优点,贞操;美德 self-reliance:n.自力更生,依靠自己;自恃instinctively:adv.本能地 self-reliant:adj.自力更生的;自恃的 depict:vt.描述;描画 as well as:也;和一样;不但而且depicting:描绘 featuring:n
44、.特色,特征;容貌;特写或专题节目/vi.起重要作用/vt.特写;以为特色;由主演 white-haired:adj.白发的;浅色头发的;受宠爱的Well,what has changed in the status of the elderly todaycompared to their status in traditional societies?今天老人的地位 与他们在传统社会中的地位 相比起来有什么变化？08:58There have been a few changes for the better and morechanges for the worse.有一些好的变化 更多
45、的方面变得更糟糕了。09:05Big changes for the better include the fact that today weenjoy much longer lives,much better health in our old age,and much better recreational opportunities.好的变化中,大的方面 包括今天我们享受 更长的生命这一事实,我们比过去的老年人更健康,和有更好地娱乐的机会。09:10Another change for the better is that we now havespecialized retirem
46、ent facilities and programs to take care ofold people.另一个更好的变化是,我们现在有 专门的退休设施和政策来照顾老人们。09:21Changes for the worse begin with the cruel reality that wenow have more old people and fewer young people than atany time in the past.更糟的变化开始于 我们现在,比以往任何时候 都有更多的老人和更少的年轻人 这一残酷现实。09:30That means that all those
47、 old people are more of a burden onthe few young people,and that each old person has lessindividual value.这意味着,那些老人 对这些较少的年轻来说是个负担,并且每个老人的个体价值也就更少。09:40Another big change for the worse in the status of the elderlyis the breaking of social ties with age,because older people,their children,and their f
48、riends,all move and scatterindependently of each other many times during their lives.另一个老年人地位恶化的大变化是 随着年龄的增长,社会纽带的断裂,因为老人,他们的孩子,和他们的朋友,在他们的生命过程中多次搬家 并彼此独立地四散各处。09:48for the better:好转,向好的方向发展 for the worse:恶化;向坏的方面转化 recreational:adj.娱乐的,消遣的;休养的specialized:adj.专业的;专门的/v.专攻(specialize的过去分词);使专门化;详细说明
49、facilities:n.设施;工具,设备 beginwith:以开始;开始于 scatter:vi.分散,散开;散射/vt.使散射;使散开,使分散;使散播,使撒播/n.分散;散播,撒播independently:adv.独立地;自立地We Americans move on the average every five years.我们美国人平均 每五年就搬家一次。10:02Hence our older people are likely to end up living distantfrom their children and the friends of their youth.因
50、此我们的老人很有可能 最终生活在远离他们的孩子 和他们青年时期朋友的地方。10:06Yet another change for the worse in the status of the elderlyis formal retirement from the workforce,carrying with it aloss of work friendships and a loss of the self-esteemassociated with work.另一个老年人地位恶化的变化是 从劳动力中正式退休,同时失去在工作中建立的友谊 以及从工作而来的自尊。10:13Perhaps t