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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件When I was a student here in Oxford in the 1970s,the futureof the world was bleak.1970年代，当我在牛津大学上学时，全世界的未来是暗淡无光的。00:13The population explosion was unstoppable.“人口爆炸”危机是无法阻止的。00:19Global famine was inevitable.全球饥荒也无法避免。00:21A cancer epidemic caused by chemicals in the environmentwas goin
2、g to shorten our lives.由化学物质引发的癌症蔓延下，我们的寿命缩短了。00:23The acid rain was falling on the forests.酸雨侵蚀森林。00:29The desert was advancing by a mile or two a year.每年沙漠以1到2英里的速度扩张。00:32The oil was running out.我们也快用完了石油。00:34And a nuclear winter would finish us off.核冬天将终结我们人类。00:36None of those things happened.
3、不过上面所说的其实都没有发生。00:39(Laughter)And astonishingly,if you look at what actuallyhappened in my lifetime,the average per-capita income ofthe average person on the planet,in real terms,adjusted forinflation,has tripled.（笑声）令人惊奇的是，看看我有生之年到底发生了什么事，目前地球上，每个人的 人均收入 以实质计算，经过通货膨胀的调整，已经增加了3倍。00:41Lifespan is up
4、by 30 percent in my lifetime.我的寿命延长了30%。00:55bleak:adj.阴冷的;荒凉的,无遮蔽的;黯淡的,无希望的;冷酷的;单调的 unstoppable:adj.无法阻碍的;无法停止的(副词unstoppably)shorten:vt.缩短;减少;变短/vi.缩短;变短 astonishingly:adv.令人惊讶地 adjusted:adj.调整过的,调节了的/v.调整;校正(adjust的过去分词)tripled:adj.三倍的;三方的/n.三倍数;三个一组/vi.增至三倍/vt.使成三倍 Lifespan:n.寿命;预期生命期限;预期使用期限Chi
5、ld mortality is down by two-thirds.幼儿死亡率下降了三分之二。00:58Per-capita food production is up by a third.人均食物生产 增加了三分之一。01:01And all this at a time when the population has doubled.所有这一切都发生在人口增加到两倍的时候。01:05How did we achieve that-whether you think its a goodthing or not-How did we achieve that?我们是如何做到的呢？你可曾想
6、过这是好事或者是坏事？我们到底怎样做到的呢？01:08How did we become the only species that becomes moreprosperous as it becomes more populous?人类是如何变成 仅有的一个物种因人口众多 反而变得更加 繁荣昌盛？01:12The size of the blob in this graph represents the size of thepopulation.这图表中有颜色线的粗细变化说明了人口的增长变化。01:20And the level of the graph represents GDP p
7、er capita.图标水平坐标 代表了人均国内生产总值。01:23I think to answer that question you need to understand howhuman beings bring together their brains and enable theirideas to combine and recombine,to meet and,indeed,tomate.要回答上面的问题，各位得明白 人类是如何集思广益，使他们的思想相融合，再融合，彼此碰撞，甚至是相交配。01:27In other words,you need to understand
8、how ideas have sex.换句话说，各位必须明白 思想是怎样交配的。01:40I want you to imagine how we got from making objects likethis to making objects like this.大家来想象一下 我们是怎样从制作这个物体手斧到制作了右边这个鼠标的东西。01:45mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运 two-thirds:n.三分之二/三分之二的/三分之二地 at a time:一次;每次;在某时 populous:adj.人口稠密的;人口多的 blob:n.一滴;一抹;难以名状的一团
9、/vt.弄脏;把做错/vi.得零分;弄错 capita:n.头数(尤指牲口)recombine:vt.重组;再结合/vi.重组;再结合These are both real objects.它们都是实物。01:53One is an Acheulean hand axe from half a million years agoof the kind made by Homo erectus.一个是五十万年前直立人 制作的阿舍利手斧。01:55The other is obviously a computer mouse.另一个明显是一个鼠标。02:00Theyre both exactly
10、the same size and shape to an uncannydegree.两者完全一样的大小，真是不可思议的构造。02:02Ive tried to work out which is bigger,and its almostimpossible.我试着弄明白哪一个是比较大的，这基本上没什么区别。02:05And thats because theyre both designed to fit the humanhand.因为它们两者设计都是适用于人手。02:10Theyre both technologies.In the end,their similarity is n
11、otthat interesting.两者都体现了科技。最后，他们的相似性不是很有趣。02:12TED演讲者：Matt Ridley|马特-瑞德里演讲标题：Matt Ridley:When ideas have sex|让思想彼此交配内容概要：Matt Ridley argues that,through history,the engine of human progress andprosperity has been,and is,ideas having sex with each other.在TEDGlobal2010的演讲中，作家马特-瑞德里认为，纵观人类的历史，人类进步的引擎是
12、如何运转?不同想法是如何碰撞出新的想法?他认为，个人有多聪明不是很重要，协同合作的大脑能发挥多少才是至关重要的。It just tells you they were both designed to fit the humanhand.这说明他们两者都适用于人手。02:15The differences are what interest me.让我感兴趣的是差异性。02:17Because the one on the left was made to a pretty unvaryingdesign for about a million years-from one-and-a-hal
13、fmillion years ago to half a million years ago.因为大约1百万年-从150万年前到 50万年前，左边的手斧基本没有做任何改变的设计。02:19Homo erectus made the same tool for 30,000 generations.直立人为3万后代 制造了这样的工具。02:27axe:n.斧/vt.削减;用斧砍 Homo:n.人,人类;同性恋者 uncanny:adj.神秘的;离奇的;可怕的 In the end:终于,最后similarity:n.类似;相似点Of course there were a few changes
14、,but tools changedslower than skeletons in those days.当然会稍有改变，但在那时工具变化速度比骨骼进化要慢。02:32There was no progress,no innovation.所谓没有进步，没有创新。02:37Its an extraordinary phenomenon,but its true.这是个特别的现象，但这是事实。02:39Whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years.相反右边的鼠标五年后就会过时。02:41And theres anoth
15、er difference too,which is the object on theleft is made from one substance.还有另一个区别是，左边手斧是从一种物质制作出来的。02:44The object on the right is made from a confection ofdifferent substances,from silicon and metal and plastic andso on.右边的鼠标是从 不同物质，从硅，金属到塑料等等制成的精美用品。02:48And more than that,its a confection of di
16、fferent ideas,theidea of plastic,the idea of a laser,the idea of transistors.更重要的是，它是不同思想，塑料的，激光的，电晶体的碰撞想法后的创新。02:55Theyve all been combined together in this technology.所有思想相互结合的科技。03:02And its this combination,this cumulative technology,thatintrigues me.这种结合 和科技累积令我着迷。03:05skeletons:n.骷髅;解剖骨骼(skele
17、ton的复数);流言(歌曲名)innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 obsolete:adj.废弃的;老式的/n.废词;陈腐的人/vt.淘汰;废弃 confection:n.糖果,蜜饯;调制;糖膏(剂);精制工艺品 substances:n.物物质;基本内容;物品药物(substance的复数)transistors:n.电子晶体管;晶体三极管(transistor的复数)cumulative:adj.累积的 intrigues:n.阴谋;诡计;复杂的事;私通/vt.用诡计取得;激起.的兴趣/vi.私通;密谋Because I think its the secret to under
18、standing whatshappening in the world.我认为这其中的奥妙 可以了解这世界上要发生的事情。03:10My bodys an accumulation of ideas too,the idea of skincells,the idea of brain cells,the idea of liver cells.我身体也是不同思想的聚焦，皮肤细胞的，脑细胞的，肝细胞的想法聚焦。03:15Theyve come together.它们协同作用。03:21How does evolution do cumulative,combinatorial things?
19、进化是怎样累积和组合的呢？03:23Well,it uses sexual reproduction.通过有性生殖来进化的。03:26In an asexual species,if you get two different mutations indifferent creatures,a green one and a red one,then one hasto be better than the other.在无形物种，如果用不同物种的不同突变，一个绿的和一个红的，那么一个要比另一个更能适应。03:29One goes extinct for the other to surviv
20、e.1个会灭绝，另一个则生存下来。03:36But if you have a sexual species,then its possible for anindividual to inherit both mutations from different lineages.但有性物种相交配，那么一个个体可以 从不同干系物种 两种突变。03:38So what sex does is it enables the individual to draw uponthe genetic innovations of the whole species.所以性交配使得个体 拥有 整个物种的遗传基
21、因。03:46accumulation:n.积聚,累积;堆积物 combinatorial:adj.组合的 reproduction:n.繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品 asexual:adj.生物无性的;无性生殖的 mutations:n.遗突变;变化;转变(mutation的复数形式)inherit:vt.继承;遗传而得/vi.成为继承人lineages:n.血统;家系,遗世系 innovations:n.创新(innovation的复数);改革www.XiYuS锡育软件Its not confined to its own lineage.不仅仅限于自己的支系。03:54Whats the p
22、rocess thats having the same effect in culturalevolution as sex is having in biological evolution?正如同性交配在生物进化上的作用一样，那么文化演变上起相同作用，这种作用的过程是什么？03:56And I think the answer is exchange,the habit of exchangingone thing for another.我想答案是交换，从一个物体交换另一个物体的习惯。04:03Its a unique human feature.这是人类独一无二的特点。04:08No
23、 other animal does it.其他的动物不这样。04:10You can teach them in the laboratory to do a little bit ofexchange.我们可以教实验室的动物做一点点交换实验。04:12And indeed theres reciprocity in other animals.的确其他动物也有互惠关系。04:14But the exchange of one object for another never happens.但从一个物体到另一个物体的交换从没有发生过。04:16As Adam Smith said,No m
24、ade ever saw a dog make a fairexchange of a bone with another dog.正如亚当-斯密说过：“从没见过一条狗 与另一条狗公平交换骨头。”04:19(Laughter)You can have culture without exchange.（笑声）没有交换的文化也存在。04:24You can have,as it were,asexual culture.换言之，无性文化。04:29Chimpanzees,killer whales,these kinds of creatures,theyhave culture.黑猩猩，逆戟鲸
25、，像这些生物，它们都有自己的文化。04:31confined:adj.狭窄的;幽禁的;有限制的;在分娩中的/v.限制(confine的过去式和过去分词)lineage:n.血统;家系,遗世系exchanging:v.交换;交流(exchange的ing形式);兑换/adj.交换的 reciprocity:n.相互作用(复数reciprocities);相互性;互惠主义 as it were:可以说是,似乎就是;好像 Chimpanzees:n.脊椎黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数)They teach each other traditions which are handed downfr
26、om parent to offspring.它们互相传授 从父母到其子女幼儿流传下来的传统。04:34In this case,chimpanzees teaching each other how to cracknuts with rocks.在这种情况下，黑猩猩互相教 怎样用岩石砸碎坚果。04:38But the difference is that these cultures never expand,nevergrow,never accumulate,never become combinatorial.但有所区别的是 这些文化从来没有扩张，没有增强，没有积累，也从来没有相结合
27、过。04:42And the reason is because there is no sex,as it were,there isno exchange of ideas.原因是因为 没有相交配文化，所谓，没有交换的思想文化。04:48Chimpanzee troops have different cultures in differenttroops.在不同的黑猩猩族群有不同的文化。04:54Theres no exchange of ideas between them.在它们之间没有交换思想。04:57And why does exchange raise living stan
28、dards?那么为什么交换会提高生活水准？05:00Well,the answer came from David Ricardo in 1817.正如1817年戴维-里卡多的答案。05:02And here is a Stone Age version of his story,although he toldit in terms of trade between countries.尽管这是他的石器时代的版本故事，但他用它来说明国家之间的贸易。05:05Adam takes four hours to make a spear and three hours tomake an axe.
29、亚当做一只矛用四小时，一个斧头用三个小时。05:10Oz takes one hour to make a spear and two hours to make anaxe.奥兹做一只矛用一小时，一个斧头用两个小时。05:13traditions:传统 offspring:n.后代，子孙；产物 accumulate:vi.累积;积聚/vt.积攒 Chimpanzee:n.脊椎黑猩猩 interms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词So Oz is better at both spears and axes than Adam.所以奥兹比起亚当制造矛和斧头都要好。05:16He doesnt
30、 need Adam.他不需要亚当的帮忙。05:19He can make his own spears and axes.奥兹可以自己制造更多的矛和斧头。05:21Well no,because if you think about it,if Oz makes two spearsand Adam make two axes,and then they trade,then they willeach have saved an hour of work.但不应该这样，假如你想想看，如果奥兹制作2个矛，而亚当制作2个斧头，然后他们交换做贸易，他们每一个都节约了1小时工时。05:23And
31、the more they do this,the more true its going to be.他们做得越熟练，这交换就越来越有意思。05:32Because the more they do this,the better Adam is going toget at making axes,and the better Oz is going to get atmaking spears.因为做得越熟练，熟练工亚当更擅长做斧头，熟练工奥兹更擅长做矛。05:35So the gains from trade are only going to grow.这种贸易互惠变得更实质。05:
32、40And this is one of the beauties of exchange,is it actuallycreates the momentum for more specialization,whichcreates the momentum for more exchange and so on.这是交换益处之一，它实际上创造了 更加专业的契机，也创造了更多交换等等类似的契机。05:42Adam and Oz both saved an hour of time.亚当和奥兹两者都节约了1小时工时。05:51That is prosperity,the saving of t
33、ime in satisfying yourneeds.节约时间 来满足人们的需要，这就是成功。05:53spears:n.矛,长矛;叶片(spear的复数形式)axes:n.轴线;轴心;坐标轴;斧头(axe的复数)beauties:n.美丽,美的东西;美人(beauty的复数);美容化妆 momentum:n.势头;物动量;动力;冲力 specialization:n.专门化;特殊化;特化作用 satisfying:adj.令人满意的;令人满足的Ask yourself how long you would have to work to provide foryourself an hou
34、r of reading light this evening to read a bookby.问问大家你们要工作多久，在晚上 才能点亮阅读灯1小时来读书。05:58If you had to start from scratch,lets say you go out into thecountryside.如果你要从头开始，你到郊外去进行。06:06You find a sheep.You kill it.You get the fat of of it.你找到一只羊。你杀了它，得到羊脂肪。06:09You render it down.You make a candle,etc.etc
35、.然后把羊脂肪熬成油，你制成了蜡烛，等等。06:11How long is it going to take you?Quite a long time.你要花费多久才能制成光？相当长的时间。06:14How long do you actually have to work to earn an hour ofreading light if youre on the average wage in Britain today?如果按时下英国的平均工资计算，能有1小时的阅读灯光，你到底要 工作多久呢？06:16And the answer is about half a second.答案是
36、大约半秒钟。06:22Back in 1950,you would have had to work for eight seconds追溯到1950年，按平均工资算，你得工作8秒钟Back in 1950,you would have had to work for eight secondson the average wage to acquire that much light.得到1小时的光。06:25And thats seven and a half seconds of prosperity that youvegained.你得多付出7秒半的工作时间。06:31Since 1
37、950,as it were.换言之，1950年以来，06:34Because thats seven and a half seconds in which you can dosomething else.7秒半钟的时间，你可以做别的一些事。06:36provide for:供养,供给;规定;为作准备 from scratch:白手起家;从头做起 countryside:n.农村,乡下;乡下的全体居民candle:n.蜡烛;烛光;烛形物/vt.对着光检查 on the average:平均而言;一般说来Or you can acquire another good or service.或
38、者你可以换取别的产品或服务。06:39And back in 1880,it would have been 15 minutes to earnthat amount of light from the average wage.再追溯到1880年，平均工资算，人们要工作15分钟 才能挣得1小时的光。06:41Back in 1800,youd have had to work six hours to earn acandle that could burn for an hour.追溯到1800年，你必须工作6小时，你才会有1个蜡烛，它能燃烧1小时。06:47In other words
39、,the average person on the average wagecould not afford a candle in 1800.换言之，在1800年，人均平均工资 负担不起1个蜡烛。06:54Go back to this image of the axe and the mouse,and askyourself:Who made them and for who?回到这幅手斧和鼠标的图片，大家曾问过自己：“谁制作了他们，为了谁制作的？”06:59The stone axe was made by someone for himself.某人为自己制作了石斧。07:05It
40、 was self-sufficiency.这是自备用的。07:07We call that poverty these days.我们称那些日子还很贫穷。07:09But the object on the right was made for me by other people.但是右边的鼠标 是其他人为了我而生产的。07:11How many other people?有多少人呢？07:16Tens?Hundreds?Thousands?十个？一百个？一千个？07:18You know,I think its probably millions.我知道大概有数百万个。07:20Beca
41、use youve to include the man who grew the coffee,which was brewed for the man who was on the oil rig,whowas drilling for oil,which was going to be made into theplastic,etc.因为你得包括生产咖啡的人们，他们给那些在石油钻台工作的人们提供咖啡，石油钻台人们提取石油，使之生产出塑料等等。07:22self-sufficiency:n.自给自足;自负 brewed:vt.酿造;酝酿/vi.酿酒;被冲泡;即将发生/n.啤酒;质地 dr
42、illing:n.钻孔;训练,教练;演练/v.钻孔;训练(drill的ing形式)They were all working for me,to make a mouse for me.这些人都为我工作，才生产出这鼠标。07:30And thats the way society works.这是社会运转的方式。07:34Thats what weve achieved as a species.也是我们人类进步的方式。07:37In the old days,if you were rich,you literally had peopleworking for you.在过去的日子，假如你
43、是个富人，你的确拥有很多人来伺候你。07:41Thats how you got to be rich;you employed them.你变得如何富有；你就能雇佣很多人。07:45Louis XIV had a lot of people working for him.路易十四世拥有很多侍从。07:47They made his silly outfits,like this.他们制作路易十四愚蠢的服饰，就如这个。07:49(Laughter)And they did his silly hairstyles,or whatever.（笑声）他们也做路易十四愚蠢的发型，或者类似的事。07
44、:51He had 498 people to prepare his dinner every night.每晚，路易十四有498侍从 为他做宫廷御膳。07:56But a modern tourist going around the palace of Versaillesand looking at Louis XIVs pictures,he has 498 people doinghis dinner tonight too.但现代旅客在凡尔赛宫参观，看着路易十四的画，他晚上也可以享受498人为他做的晚餐。08:00Theyre in bistros and cafes and r
45、estaurants and shops allover Paris.这些人遍布巴黎的酒馆，咖啡馆，餐馆 和商店。08:07And theyre all ready to serve you at an hours notice with anexcellent meal thats probably got higher quality than LouisXIV even had.这些人随时服务于你，只要你提前1小时预约一顿丰盛的美餐，恐怕你享受的美餐要远远好于 路易斯十四的御膳。08:11outfits:n.全套装备;一套服装(outfit的复数)/v.装备;获得装备(outfit的单数
46、第三人称)hairstyles:发型(hairstyle的复数)bistros:小酒馆,酒吧,小餐馆(bistro的名词复数)cafes:n.咖啡馆(cafe的复数)And thats what weve done,because were all working foreach other.因为我们相互协同工作，我们才能做好。08:18Were able to draw upon specialization and exchange to raiseeach others living standards.我们能够变得专业，并交换技能，来提高每个人生活水准。08:21Now,you do
47、get other animals working for each other too.现在，其他动物也彼此协同工作。08:27Ants are a classic example;workers work for queens andqueens work for workers.蚂蚁就是个经典例子；工蚁为蚁后工作，反之亦然。08:30But theres a big difference,which is that it only happenswithin the colony.但是一个大区别是，这种协同合作仅发生在一个蚁群里。08:33Theres no working for ea
48、ch other across the colonies.在这蚁群之外就没有彼此的协同合作。08:37And the reason for that is because theres a reproductivedivision of labor.缘由是生殖的劳动分工。08:39That is to say,they specialize with respect to reproduction.也可以说，它们分工取决于繁殖力。08:42The queen does it all.蚁后全权负责繁殖。08:45In our species,we dont like doing that.在我们
49、人类物种，我们不可以像那样做。08:47Its the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves,isreproduction.我们坚持一定要自己做的一件事就是繁殖。08:49(Laughter)Even in England,we dont leave reproduction tothe Queen.（笑声）甚至在英国，我们不会让女王带我们去生殖繁衍后代。08:52colonies:n.殖民地(colony的复数)reproductive:adj.生殖的;再生的;复制的 That is to say:就是;即;换言之 withrespect:怀有
50、敬意 insist on:坚持,坚决要求;督促,强调(Applause)So when did this habit start?（掌声）这个习惯何时形成的？08:58And how long has it been going on?And what does it mean?要多久能形成？这有什么意义？09:04Well,I think,probably,the oldest version of this is probablythe sexual division of labor.我认为，这最古老的人类版本 可能是性别分工。09:06But Ive got no evidence f