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1、Unit 5 Good manners 第3课时 grammar八年级英语下册同步精品讲义（牛津译林版）知识精讲tooto结构用法详解too.to意为“太而不能”，其结构的基本形式是：tooadj./adv.to do sth.，它在形式上是肯定的，但在意义上是否定的。使用该结构应注意以下几点：1.当主语本身是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式后不接宾语，此时的不定式如果是不及物动词，动词之后应加上适当的介词，这时的主语就变成了介词的宾语。The water in the glass is too hot to drink.玻璃杯内的水太热了不能喝。（drink是及物动词）The house is
2、 too old to live in.这房子太旧了不能住。（live是不及物动词，其后需接介词in) 2.当主语不是不定式的逻辑宾语，而不定式是及物动词时，动词之后要接宾语。The hall is too small to hold so many students.大厅太小了不能容纳这么多学生。3.动词不定式之前可以带逻辑主语，表示不定式动作的执行者，常用for sb。The house is too expensive for him to buy.对他来说这房子太贵了，买不起。4.如果在too之前加上not，该结构就不再有否定意义。Chinese is not too difficul
3、t to learn.汉语并不太难学。5. “tooto.”结构可以与“so. that. ”结构及“not. enough to do sth”互换。My brother is too young to join the army.=My brother is so young that he cant join the army.=My brother is not old enough to join the army.我弟弟太年轻了不能参军。【拓展】l)toonot to do sth.意为“太.不会不.”。Jim was too near for the teacher not to
4、 see him.吉姆近在咫尺，老师不会看不见他。2)never/not tooto do sth. 意为“永/决不.能.”。He is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。3)only tooto意为“非常，十分，相当”。If you invite her, she will be only too glad to attend.如果你邀请她，她会非常乐意参加的。4)too +ready/glad + to do sth意为“太愿意，太乐于”。Amy is too ready to help others.埃米非常乐于帮助别人。be +adj.+enough+to+
5、v.用法解析及句型转换动词“be + 形容词 + enough + 动词不定式”结构是初中英语中最常用的句型之一，也是中考考点之一。同学们在学习和使用这个句型时，必须注意这个句型的主语是人还是物，是肯定结构还是否定结构以及与其它句型的相互转换。 一、句型结构 动词“be + 形容词 + enough + 动词不定式”结构的意思是“有足够的做某事、到了做某事的了”。句子的主语通常指人。例如： Andy is generous enough to buy nice presents for all of us. 安迪够大方的了，给我们大家买了漂亮的礼物。 The boy is old enough
6、 to go to school. 这个男孩到上学的年龄了。 1)如果句子的主语指物时，必须在动词不定式之前加“介词for +名/代词”作为动词不定式的逻辑主语。例如： The question is easy enough for him to answer. 问题够简单的了，他能回答上来。 The box is light enough for her to carry. 这个箱子很轻，她能搬动。 2)该句型的否定结构是在动词be的后面加not，意思是“太而不”。例如： The little girl isnt old enough to go to school. 那个小女孩没有到上学的
7、年龄。 The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out. 问题太难了，他算不出来。 二、句型转换 A、与tooto结构转换时，必须具备以下条件： （a)“be + 形容词 + enough + 动词不定式”必须是否定结构。（b) “tooto”结构必须用与前者相反的形容词。例如： 1. The little girl isnt old enough to go to school. The little girl is too young to go to school. 2. The problem isnt easy enough for
8、him to work out. The problem is too difficult for him to work out. B、与“it（形式主语）+ be +adj. + of +sb.+ 动词不定式(真正主语)”结构的互换。例如： Sandy is generous enough to buy all of us nice presents. It is generous of Sandy to buy all of us nice presents. 有时动词“be + 形容词 + enough + 动词不定式”结构与“sothat ”结构也可以互相转换，但这两种句型转换时，必
9、须注意以下两点： (a) 如果前者的主语指物，转换成 “sothat”结构时，“sothat”从句中必须用代词代替这个指物的名词。(b) 如果两种句型都是否定结构的话，“sothat”结构中so后面的形容词必须用与前者相反的形容词。例如： 1. The boy is old enough to go to school. The boy is so old that he can go to school. 2. The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out. The problem is so difficult that he cant
10、work it out. 【温馨提醒】 “sothat”结构可以与“suchthat”结构互换，但是“suchthat”结构不能与动词“be + adj.+ enough to do sth.”结构互换。 中考实战演练写出同义句（每空一词） 1. The box is too heavy for him to carry.（重庆市） The box isnt _ for him to carry. 2. The boy is so young that he cant swim across the river.（贵州省） The boy _ old _ to swim across the
11、river. 3. He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.（河北省） He is _ to lift the heavy box. 4. Jack is too young to dress himself. （山东省） Jack is not _ to dress himself. 5. The boy is so young that he cant look after himself.（广东省） The boy is not _ to look after himself. Keys: 1. light enough 2.isnt
12、, enough 3. strong enough 4. old enough 5. old enough 【易错易混辨析】：tooto和sothat句型辨析下面的句子可用两种方式表达 I was so tired that I couldnt move.or: I was too tired to move. 我累得不能动。 故必须留意并熟记so与that配搭，而too是与to配搭的。此外，必须注意以下三点 ： 第一要注意的是，这两句型所含的不同意义。 “sothat”有”如此，以至于”而 “tooto”则有“如此.以至不”的意思。因此在 “tooto”后不须再有否定字眼，若加否定字眼，就有
13、双重否定的情况出现。如： () The box is too small not to hold all these things. () The box is too small to hold all these things. 其二要注意的是，虽然so与too都是用以表达形容词与副词和程度，但它们的结构却有别，请比较： so + adj. + that + Clause adv. (从句) too + adj. + to + Infinitive adv. (动词原形) e.g. (1) Helen spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly u
14、nderstand her. Helen spoke too rapidly for us to understand. (2) Mark was so angry that he could not speak. Mark was too angry to speak.第三点，就是若 “so that” 句型中的从句中的主语与主句中的不同，改用 “tooto”句型表达时，我们可以将for + Noun/Pronoun结构用在to + infinitive之前。请看下面的分析： (1) The question was so difficult that we could not answer
15、 it. (从句中的Subject为 “we” ，而主句的Subject为 “The question”。) = The question was too difficult for us to answer. (注意 “it”不用写。)(2) Eddie ran so quickly that we could not catch up with him. (从句的Subject为 “we”而主句中的Subject为“Eddie”。) = Eddie ran too quickly for us to catch up (注意 “him”不用写。) 艾迪跑得太快，我们都赶不上他。【中考点击】
16、：sothat，tooto和enough to之间的相互转换sothat, tooto和enough to都是初中英语教材中的重要结构，在一定条件下它们可以相互转换，并经常成为中考考查的热点之一。先请看下面两道中考试题：1. He is old enough to go to school. He is _ _ that _ _ go to school.2. She was so weak that she couldnt take care of her baby.She was _ weak _ take care of her baby.答案：1. so old; he can 2.
17、too; to那么在什么情况下三者可以相互转换呢？一、sothat与tooto的转换当that引导的从句为否定式且从句主语与主句的主语相同时，sothat可转换为tooto结构；若从句主语与主句的主语不相同时，sothat可转换为toofor sb. to结构。例如：She is so young that she cant go to school. She is too young to go to school.The box is so heavy that he cant carry it.The box is too heavy for him to carry.二、sothat与
18、enough to的转换1. 当that引导的从句为肯定式时，若从句主语与主句主语相同时，sothat可转换为enough to结构；若从句主语与主句主语不相同时，sothat可转换为enough for sb. to结构。例如：Xiao Lin is so old that he can go to school. Xiao Lin is old enough to go to school.The box is so light that he can carry it. The box is light enough for him to carry.2. 当that引导的从句为否定式时
19、，若从句主语与主句主语相同时，sothat可转换为enough to的否定结构；若从句主语与主句主语不相同时，sothat可转换为enough for sb. to的否定结构。同时要注意，转换后的形容词（副词）要用其相应的反义词。例如：The man is so old that he cant go to work. The man isnt young enough to go to work.The desk is so heavy that I cant move it. The desk isnt light enough for me to move.三、enough to的句式为
20、否定式时，enough to可以转换为tooto结构。但转换后的tooto结构中的形容词（副词）要用其相应的反义词。例如：He is not old enough to do the work. He is too young to do the work.The problem is too difficult for me to work out. The problem isnt easy enough for me to work out.改写同义句，每空一词。1. The book is interesting enough for everybody to read.The boo
21、k is _ interesting _ everybody likes to read it.2. The boy is so short that he cant reach the buttons of the lift.The boy is _ short _ _ the buttons of the lift.The boy isnt _ _ _ _ the buttons of the lift【答案】1. so; that 2. too; to reach; tall enough to reach能力拓展一、 完成句子1苏炳添跑得很快，成为有资格进入奥运会男子100米决赛的第一
22、位中国人。Su Bingtian ran _ _ _ _ the first Chinese to qualify for the Olympic mens 100-metre final.2箱子太重了，这个年轻人搬不动它。(完成译句)The young man _ strong _ to move the heavy box.3那个年轻人足够强壮，能搬得动这个重包。The young man is _ _ carry the heavy bag.4这个办公室太吵了以至于无法成为一个良好的工作之地。The office is _ be a good place to work in.5我弟弟太
23、小，不能清楚地表达自己。My younger brother is _.分层提分题组A 能力提升练6Is the girl _ a singer?Agood enough becomingBenough good becomingCenough good to becomeDgood enough to become7I found it _ to work out the problem. You neednt go to the teacher.Aenough easyBeasily enoughCeasy enoughDvery easily8Huawei has put so much
24、 into research _ it has become a great company in the world.AthatBwhileCbecauseDas9He is _ to reach the apples on the tree.Ahigh enoughBtall enoughCenough highDenough tall10The pool is _ to swim in.Adeeply enoughBenough deepCdeep enough11We shouldnt worry about Mary.You are right. She is _ to look a
25、fter _.Aenough big; herBbig enough; herselfCenough old; herDold enough; herself12Dont worry. He is _ to look after little Betty.Acarefully enoughBcareful enoughCenough carefulDenough carefully13Our English teacher takes everything _ and she is _ about our study.Aseriously; serious enoughBseriously;
26、enough seriousCserious; serious enoughDserious; enough serious14What do you think of the lecture(演讲)of Barack Obama?I think its _, but someone thinks its much too _.Awonderful enough; boredBenough wonderful; boringCwonderful enough; boringDenough wonderful; bored15My little brother is not _ to go to
27、 school.Ayoung enoughBenough youngCold enoughDenough old题组B 培优拔尖练16It is very hot today. I think the water in the river is _ for us _.Awarm enough; swimmingBwarm enough; to swimCenough warm; to swim17Im _ because I ate _ delicious food.Aenough full; too muchBfull enough; much tooCenough full; much t
28、ooDfull enough; too much18How do you go to school, by bike or by car?By bike. Im not _ to drive.Aold enoughBenough oldCyoung enoughDenough young19My little sister is 6 years old now. She is _ to go to school.Aenough oldBold enoughCyoung enough20Jack is not _to take the train to the countryside by hi
29、mself, so I will go with him.Aenough oldBold enoughCyoung enough21Tom thinks he is _, but his mother still doesnt let him travel by himself.Aenough oldBold enoughCtall enoughDenough tall22Mum, I think Im _ to get back to school. Not really, my dear. Youd better stay at home for another day or two.As
30、o wellBso goodCwell enoughDgood enough23Dont worry about him. He is _ to drive a car.Aenough oldBold enoughCfriendly enough24Why do you choose this book for your little brother?I think its _ for kids to read.Aenough difficultBdifficult enoughCenough easyDeasy enough25How do you like his speech?I thi
31、nk its _, but some people think its so _.Awonderful enough, boredBenough wonderful, boringCwonderful enough, boringDenough wonderful,bored26They speak English _ so that _ can understand _.Awell enough, nobody, theyBenough well, everyone, themCwell enough, everyone, themDgood enough, everyone, them27Why dont you help your little daughter?Because I think she is _ to dress herself.Ayoung enoughBold enoughCenough old