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1、第1页第2页Whatisaparagraphlike?Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay;itislikeamini-essay&thereforeshouldbeunified,coherent,andwell-developed.Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.Whenthewriterwi
2、shestointroduceanewthoughtortopic,heshouldbeginanewparagraph.Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturally&smoothly,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.第3页LengthofParagraphsParagraphsvaryinlength.Experiencedwritersusuallytrytovarythelengthoftheirparagraphssoastoavoidmonotony.Thelengthofaparagraphdep
3、endsonitstopic,itspositionin the essayanditsrolein the development of the thesis statement.Alongparagraphexpressesacomplexideawhileashortonemakesamajortransition,anemphaticstatement,orasummary.第4页1.Unity:concernedwithitscontent;allthesentencesinthepara.leadtoonecentralthemewhichisusu.summarizedinwha
4、tiscalledthetopicsentence.2.Coherence:concernedwithitsformoritsorganization;allthesentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder&thetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.3.Transitions.QualitiesofEffectiveParagraphs第5页WaysofProducingaFluentPara.uUsingparallelstructures;uRepeatingwordsorwordsgroups;uUsi
5、ngpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;uBeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;uUsingtransitionalexpressions第6页FundamentalFeaturesofanEffectiveParagraphpacentralideapsupportingevidencepcloseconnectionbetweenthesentences第7页Friend-typeparentstreattheirchildrenas
6、friends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildrensmanyinterests,andlistentotheirexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Example1第8页Example2Ireallyhadabaddayyesterday.WhenIwenttodosomewashing,Ifelloffonthewetfloorandbrokemyglasse
7、s.AfterIhurrieddownstairstotakemybikeonlytofindIhadleftmykeysonthebedroomonthe7thfloor.第9页Pollutionexistseverywhere.Peoplethrowawaymuchrubbisheveryday,andmuchofitismadeofplastic.Somefactoriessendoutheavysmokeintheair,andmuchwasteintorivers,andsomefactoriesproduceloudnoisewhichdrivepeoplemad.Example3
8、第10页Onthesecondfloor,therearetwotoiletsandtwobalconies,andeachofthefourkidshastheirownseparateroomsonthisfloor.TheSmithsoftenenjoytheirmealsinabigsittingroomonthegroundfloor,andiftheweatherisfine,theymighteatinthegarden.Mr.Smithreallyhasabighouse.Example4第11页Sometimes,thetopicofapara.isnotstatedbuti
9、simpliedinthecontent.The wind picks up and begins to hurl itself through those deserted streets.Signboards sway violently from side to side,seeming almost to want to go with the wind that blows them.Trees complain as the strong wind tears at their branches,causing them to bend and bow down.With the
10、wind comes the rain,stinging anyone unfortunate enough not yet to have reached the safety of home.第12页Read the following paragraph and answer questions after it.UsingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforaUsingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforawriter.First,thewritercancheckthe
11、spellingofmanyofthewordswriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordsinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingoftheinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingofthewordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatwordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatleast10
12、0,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedcorrectly,thewri
13、tercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedspelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthatthespelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthattheprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoimprovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.impr
14、ovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.1.What is the topic of the paragraph?1.What is the topic of the paragraph?2.Underline the topic sentence.2.Underline the topic sentence.3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the 3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences closely.sentences clo
15、sely.第13页Read the following paragraph and answer questions after it.Somepeopleseethingsonlyinblackandwhite.InthisSomepeopleseethingsonlyinblackandwhite.Inthisexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnoexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostis
16、suesintheworldarenotsomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsosimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhitesimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhiterightorgoodandtheothersideisnotallblackwrongorrightorgoodandtheothersideisnotallblackwrongorevil.Intherealworldtherearemanyg
17、rayareaswhereblackandevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandwhitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.whitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.fromfromWords and Their Stories,VOA Special EnglishWords and Their Stories,VOA Special English 1.1.What is the topic of the paragraph?What is the topic of
18、 the paragraph?2.2.Underline the topic sentence.Underline the topic sentence.3.3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences closely.closely.第14页PlanningaParagraphI.First,thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompl
19、etesentence.II.Second,thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportthemainidea.III.Workoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.第15页第16页1.DevelopmentbyTimeninchronologicalsequence=inorderoftime按时间先后次序nthingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirst&thelastthinglast
20、ntheeasiest&clearestwayintellingastoryorrecountinganevent第17页AnalysisuSample(1)Sample(1)A.Mainidea:Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:Timeexpressions:uSample(2)Sample(2)A.Mainidea:Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:Timeexpressions:historyoftherailroadhistoryoftherailroad in the sixteenth centuryin the sixteenth cen
21、tury,by the earlyby the early nineteenth century nineteenth century,in 1825in 1825,that same yearthat same year,soonsoon,during the 1830sduring the 1830s,by the early 1840sby the early 1840sthewritersfirstdayatanewschoolthewritersfirstdayatanewschool as I mounted the stairs to my new as I mounted th
22、e stairs to my new classroom classroom;thenthen;during the recessduring the recess;soonsoon;at the end of at the end of the day the day第18页ExpressionsforDescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringbetween_and_,in_(year),since_
23、between_and_,in_(year),since_later,earlier,formerlylater,earlier,formerlyattheturnofthecentury(decade)attheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.inthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,ina
24、dolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathinadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,thesimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,theformer,former,thelatter,previous,previously,priortothelatter,previous,previously,priortofirst,second,etc.;inthefirstplace
25、,inthesecondplace,etc.first,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplacetobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheendinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheend第19页2.DevelopmentbyProcessuexplainhowsth.isdoneaccord
26、ingtoitsrightsequencesoastoavoidmistakesorfailuresuusu.followachronologicalorderandgiveastep-by-stepdescriptionuimperativesentences&sentenceswiththeindefinitepron.youasthesubjectareoftenusedingivinginstructionsuusepresenttenseiftheinstructionsarestillapplicable第20页Sample1 AnalysisTheparagraphdescrib
27、esstepbystepwhatthingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouseandthepresenttenseisused.However,onethingneedstobenoticedinthisparagraph:thoughmanythingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouse,thereseemstobenofixorderinwhichonethingshouldbedonebeforeanotheraslongastheyarealldone.Thisisanotherwaytodevelopaparagraphbyproces
28、s.Thereareonlytwotransitionalwordsinthisparagraph:1.Beforethemencometomovethefurniture,2.Andlastly,第21页Sample21.Firstly,youshould.getregularexercise.2.Justbeforetheexam,ithelpstowriteshortnotes.3.Onthedayoftheexam,dontdoanystudying.Can you find out those words and phrases that indicate Can you find
29、out those words and phrases that indicate the time sequence in the paragraph?the time sequence in the paragraph?第22页ExpressionsforWritingProcessDescriptionsoccur,before,atthispoint,become,until,atthesametime,happen,while,after,grow,as,first,secondly,lastlytakeplace,once,next,becarriedout,then,change
30、into,assoonas第23页3.DevelopmentbySpace First,chooseavantage point(有利位置有利位置),fromwhichthingsareviewed.Second,stateclearlythespatial relations(空间空间关系关系)amongtheobjectsbeingdescribed.Third,concentrateonthebest-knownfeaturesoftheplace&ignorestheminorones.Lastly,describetheplaceinpresenttense.第24页Sample1:
31、Oxford 第25页Analysis Thisparagraphisadescriptionoftheolduniversitytown,Oxford.Inthisparagraph,theauthorobviouslystandsatthecenterofOxfordanddescribeswhatsurroundshim.第26页Sample2:The Terrace Park 第27页AnalysisTheparagraphgivesyouaclearandorderlypictureofaprettypark.Wheredoyouthinktheauthorstands?Hemust
32、bebyonesideofthepark,forthatiswherehestartshisdescription.Themostimportantfeatureoftheparkisthepitches,andotherfeaturesarethetrees,theriver,theflowersandothersportsfacilities.Thepresenttenseisusedinthedescription.第28页ExpressionsforDescribingSpatialRelationshipswhere,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.whe
33、re,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.a
34、ttheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.adjacenttoparallelrectangleadjacenttoparallelrectanglecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicirclecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicircledistanceperpendiculartoslopedistanceperpendiculartoslopemidpointplanespacemidpointplanespaceinterioropposites
35、urfaceinterioroppositesurfacediagonaloverlappingverticaldiagonaloverlappingverticaledgepyramidhorizontaledgepyramidhorizontallimitexteriorintersectionlimitexteriorintersection第29页4.DevelopmentbyExampleoftenusedinexplainingthingsmakewritingvivid,convincing&memorablemakedry,abstractideasortheoriesinte
36、resting,concrete&easytounderstand第30页Analysis ThefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentThefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentarathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,arathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,youfinditreallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelieveyoufinditr
37、eallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelievethatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatthatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstractyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstracttheorieseasytounderstand.theorieseasytounderstand.Sowhenyouwriteanexplanator
38、yparagraph,youshouldSowhenyouwriteanexplanatoryparagraph,youshouldalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandpoints.UsingthephraseForexampleisaconvenientwaypoints.UsingthephraseForexampleisaconvenientwaytostart.tostart.Sample1第31页Sample2Analysis
39、Inthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingInthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownpeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeypeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeyidea“persistentinvestigation
40、”concrete.Theyalsoaddidea“persistentinvestigation”concrete.Theyalsoadddramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationdramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysnecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whennecessarytosay“forexample”o
41、r“forinstance”whenanexampleisanexampleisgiven.given.第32页ExpressionsforGivingSpecificDetailsforexampleasanillustrationforexampleasanillustrationforinstanceinoneinstanceforinstanceinoneinstanceforonethinginthisinstanceforonethinginthisinstancetoillustrateasanexampletoillustrateasanexampleinotherwordst
42、ake_forexampleinotherwordstake_forexampleasfollowsconsider_forexampleasfollowsconsider_forexampleletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatisticsletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidenceaccordingtostatisticalevidence第33页5.Developmentby
43、Comparison&ContrastuuThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofcontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthetwoobjectscontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetween
44、thetwoobjectsbeingcontrasted.beingcontrasted.uuTherearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofTherearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenexaminetheother.Inthisway,thethoroughlyandthenexaminethe
45、other.Inthisway,theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandintheinthesame ordersame order.Thismethodiscalled.Thismethodiscalledblockblockcomparison/contrastcomparison/contrast.Theotherwayistoexaminetwo.Theotherwayistoexaminetwothingsatthesame
46、time,discussingthempointbypoint.Thisthingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Thismethodiscalledmethodiscalledalternatingcomparison/contrastalternatingcomparison/contrast.第34页Analysis Asyoureadtheparagraph,youfindthattheAsyoureadtheparagraph,youfindthattheauthorfirstmentionsthedisadvantagesofli
47、vinginauthorfirstmentionsthedisadvantagesoflivinginabigcity.Fourmajorproblemsarelistedtoabigcity.Fourmajorproblemsarelistedtoillustratethestressurbanpeoplehavetolivewithillustratethestressurbanpeoplehavetolivewithdaily.Thenhebeginstostatetheadvantagesofdaily.Thenhebeginstostatetheadvantagesoflifeina
48、countryvillagebyusingthewordslifeinacountryvillagebyusingthewordsIn In contrastcontrast.Fourniceaspectsofcountrylifeare.Fourniceaspectsofcountrylifearementioned,givingyouabeautifulpictureofthementioned,givingyouabeautifulpictureofthecountryside.Bycontrast,youcanimmediatelyseecountryside.Bycontrast,y
49、oucanimmediatelyseethegreatdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrythegreatdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrylife.Andlife.Andblock contrastblock contrastisadoptedhere.isadoptedhere.Sample1第35页AnalysisUnlikeSample1,thisparagraphfocusesontheUnlikeSample1,thisparagraphfocusesonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobje
50、ctsbeingcompared,similaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcompared,joggingandTaiji.NeitherofthetwoneedsmanyjoggingandTaiji.Neitherofthetwoneedsmanyfacilitiesorhelpfromothers.Butforawiderangefacilitiesorhelpfromothers.Butforawiderangeofpeople,bothareveryeffectiveforkeepingfit,ofpeople,bothareveryeffectivefork