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1、用词大学英语写作大学英语写作第1页用词用词词类型词类型名词(Nouns)名词表示名称，用来命名人、地方、事物以及普通情况。有些表示特定名称名词，通常被称为专有名词，需要大写。比如：The students who graduated from Beijing University are invited to a reception hosted by Professor Smith.北京大学毕业生们被邀请参加由史密斯教授主持欢迎会。名词最主要作用是作句子主语(施动者)或宾语(受动者)。比如：The drivers need to have very quick reactions.(主语)(
2、宾语)司机需要具备非常快速反应能力。This months trading figures show some improvement.(主语)(宾语)本月贸易统计数字表明情况有所改进。第2页用词用词词类型词类型代词代词(Pronouns)代词作用是替换名词，以防止重复。代词主要有些人称代词、物主代词以及不定代词三种。人称代词 物主代词 不定代词(部分举例)I,me my,mine anybody someoneYou your,yours anything anyhe,him his anyone someshe,her her,hers everybody fewit its everyt
3、hing eachwe,us our,ours everyone manythey,them their,theirs somebody all something第3页用词用词词类型词类型下面例句中使用了三种代词：If anybody wishes to volunteer his or her services as a teacher,will he or she please stand up.任何自告奋勇想当老师人，请起立。Has anyone seen my textbook?I left it on somebodys desk.有些人看到我教科书了吗？我把它放在某个人桌子上了。
4、注意，有些不定代词变全部格时要借助于全部格()及字母s(即 s)。第4页用词用词词类型词类型除三种惯用代词外，还有以下三种代词：(1)用于提问疑问代词：who,which,whom,whose,what等。比如：“What is the color of the reference book and to whom does it belong?”参考书是什么颜色？是谁？(2)在先行词后引导从句关系代词：who,which,that,whom,whose等。比如：The student who left the new textbook on the desk that is located
5、in our school is still looking for it.将新教科书遗忘在我们学校书桌上学生还在寻找它。第5页用词用词词类型词类型(3)指代事物指示代词：these,those,this,that等。比如：Where did you get those?Ive been looking for some shoes like that.你在哪儿买那双鞋子？我一直在找那样鞋子。注：当指示代词后紧跟名词时，它能够起形容词作用。如：these cars,that house,this theory,those students。第6页用词用词词类型词类型动词动词(Verbs)动词是
6、句子中心，它使句子感人真切，富有生命力。实际上，没有动词就写不成句子，因为它在主语和宾语之间起着不可或缺连接作用。比如：The company is promoting its new products.企业正在推销其新产品。He was promoted to the manager.他被提拔为经理。因为动词执行或接收某一行为动作，反应某一情况或事件，所以，动词是使一组词表示意思关键。比如：第7页用词用词词类型词类型The table lamp was knocked over by our cat while he was playing with the cord.我们家猫在玩儿细绳时将
7、台灯打翻了。We should make major efforts to restore and protect forests and land,slow down population growth,relieve debts of the developing countries,raise energy efficiency and develop renewable energy sources,such as water power and solar energy.我们应该大力恢复保护森林和土地，减缓人口增加速度，减轻发展中国家债务，提升能源效率，开发可再生能源，如水力、太阳能
8、等。第8页用词用词词类型词类型形容词形容词(Adjectives)形容词是用来修饰(描述、限制、连接)名词或代词，回答由which,how many,how much和what kind等疑问词提出问题。有些修饰语如冠词a,an,the等，回答“哪一个”这类问题。形容词通常位于名词、代词之前。比如：The weary traveler,lonely and forlorn,approached the outskirts of the deserted city.疲惫不堪、孤苦伶仃旅行者向这座荒废城市边界走近。第9页用词用词词类型词类型And most of all,“Lord William
9、s”bought the run-down Gordon Arms Hotel and totally restored it,transforming it from a mess into a glorious first-class hotel with 30 handsomely furnished rooms,wood-paneled stairs,false bookshelves with fake leather books and an outstanding restaurant.而最主要，是威廉姆斯勋爵将年久失修戈登阿姆斯旅馆买下并完全改装，将这堆废墟变成了一座富丽堂皇一
10、流宾馆，内有30间装修华丽房间、木质镶嵌楼梯、摆满了人造皮革装订书籍书架，还有一间高级餐厅。第10页用词用词词类型词类型副词副词(Adverbs)副词比形容词更灵活，能够修饰动词、形容词和其它副词，可位于句中任何位置。通常回答在哪儿(where)、什么时候(when)、怎样(how)以及多少(how much/many)等问题。副词不但确定形容词和其它副词确实切含义，还确定动词意义。比如：extremely unhappy极其悲伤incredibly busy忙得焦头烂额Her long fingers curl easily around my hand and I nod my head
11、slowly,smiling.她那细长手指很轻易地就拢住了我手，我微笑着慢慢点了点头。第11页用词用词词类型词类型副词能够依据它们意思分为下面几类：(1)时间副词(2)地点副词(3)方式副词(4)程度副词(5)疑问副词(6)连接副词(7)关系副词(8)其它性质副词在写作中，我们要着重掌握以下两种副词使用方法。第12页用词用词词类型词类型连接副词连接副词(Conjunctive Adverbs)英语中疑问副词有时可用来引导从句，这时称为连接副词。在句中可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等。比如：It was a mystery how she got well so soon.她怎样痊愈得这么快
12、是一个谜。Nobody can tell why he refused to come.没人知道他为何拒绝来。That was how they overcame the difficulty.他们就是这么克服困难。第13页用词用词词类型词类型关系副词关系副词(Relative Adverbs)关系副词主要有where,when,why等，它们都可引导定语从句。比如：We took the picture last year,when we were on holiday there.这张照片是我们去年在那里休假时照。A library is a place where we can borr
13、ow books.图书馆是我们能够借书地方。Is that the reason why you didnt take the exam?这就是你不参加考试理由吗？第14页用词用词词类型词类型介词介词(Prepositions)介词在句中也很主要，可与名词和代词组成词组，修饰主语、谓语和宾语。下面是一些常见介词：at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to,with,between,over,under,through,within等。比如：With dignity,on the bed in his house,he died in silence.躺在家里床上，他带着尊严，平静地死
14、去。The driver had gone straight through the traffic lights and hit an oncoming car.这名司机径直闯过交通灯，撞上了一辆迎面而来汽车。第15页用词用词词类型词类型连词连词(Conjunctions)连词是必不可少，它用来连接相同句子成份，使句子保持平衡和连贯。惯用连词有以下几个：并列连词，相关连词，隶属连词等。第16页用词用词词类型词类型1并列连词并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions)并列连词是最惯用一个连词，包含：and,but,or,nor,for,yet和so等。并列连词连接语法作用相同句子
15、成份，如：词、词组和句子。(1)词:Bill and Frank 比尔和弗兰克tea or coffee 茶或咖啡(2)词组：on the river and over the hill 山那边，小河旁(3)从句：No one knew who he was or what he did.没有些人知道他是谁或者他做过些什么。(4)主句：The director told me the actors name,but I have forgotten it.导演告诉过我这位演员名字，不过我忘记了。第17页用词用词词类型词类型2相关连词相关连词(Correlative Conjunctions)相
16、关连词通常成对出现，用以保持平衡和表示强调。比较主要相关连词有四对：either.or,neither.nor,not only.but/but also,both.and。比如：She is not only a portrait painter but also a concert piano player.她不不过一位肖像画家，而且是一位音乐会钢琴演奏家。She is the kind of person you either love or hate.她是那种叫你不是爱就是恨人。The equipment is neither accurate nor safe.这种设备既不准确也不安
17、全。We were treated with both tolerance and compassion.他们对待我们既宽容又有同情心。第18页用词用词词类型词类型隶属连词隶属连词(Subordinate Conjunctions)隶属连词连接主句和从句，使用方法视隶属关系而定。常见隶属连词有：that,when,since,after,before,while,as,as soon as,till,until,because,if,though,although,以及so.that等。比如：I entered the room while Li Ming was talking with h
18、er.我进屋时，李明正和她谈话。When he finished the speech,the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束时候，听众掌声雷动。He has learned more than six thousand English words since he began learning English five years ago.自从五年前他开始学英语以来，他已经学了六千多个英语单词。If you dont leave now,Im calling the police.你现在若不离开，我就报警。第19页用词用词词类型词类型注意 惯用词，按文体
19、可分为正式用语和非正式用语。英语词汇十分丰富，一些源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语长词，多用于正式文体，如：学术性或理论性著作、政府文件、法律文书等，这就是我们日常所说“大词”。而与之相正确一些源于古英语词，普通比较短小，只有一两个音节，惯用于非正式文体，如：日常写作、会话等，这就是所谓“小词”。请看下面例子：第20页用词用词词类型词类型例例1.Nineteenth-century middle-class reformers perceived rural women as models of perfect health.Yet in the rural community,a dramatica
20、lly different perspective emerged.Female agriculturalists and male reform allies clashed with male defenders of the status quo in analyzing females health and quality of life.Farm women cited gender conflict as a source of their gloomy lives.Farm daughters第21页用词用词词类型词类型wanted to quit the farm and ex
21、perienced a rise in expectations.To improve farm womens physical and mental well-being and to stem the home-leaving tide,agricultural reformers promoted drastic changes in farm life.Based on womens private and published writings,farm journals,medical and agricultural society papers,and material cult
22、ure,this study indicates that the rural-urban dichotomy in health advanced by cultural thinkers and historians jarred with farm womens own health.第22页用词用词词类型词类型例例2.You have your tension.Sometimes you come close to having an accident,which upsets you.You just escape maybe by a hair or so.Sometimes ma
23、ybe you get a disgruntled passenger on there,and starts a big argument.Traffic.You have someone who cuts you off or stops in front of the bus.Theres a lot of tension behind that.You got to watch all the time.Youre watchin the drivers,youre watchin other cars.Most of the time you have to drive for th
24、e other drivers,to avoid hitting them.So you take the tension home with you.Studs Terkel第23页用词用词词类型词类型Practice 1Directions：Distinguish the part of speech of each italic word in the following sentences,and write down the corresponding number on the line.Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition Conju
25、nction Verbe.g.Several blind mice ran under the stairwell.1.The Christmas tree was decorated by two young boys who lived across the street from us.2.Ted and Carol both won prizes for their paintings at the art show.3.We will visit Vermont in the fall when the leaves change color.第24页用词用词词类型词类型4.Try
26、to be on time tomorrow.5.When shall we meet?6.Toronto is the largest city in Ontario.7.Michael plays hockey,but Brenden prefers soccer.8.My fathers sailboat capsized yesterday.9.Please remain in the classroom until the bell rings.10.Which subject do you prefer?English or French?第25页用词用词词类型词类型Practic
27、e 2Directions：Change the colloquial expressions into more formal ones.1.look into The police are looking into the matter.2.thingShe had realized her own difficult things.3.use We must use the available natural resources.4.guy Guys in the south of Chinese speak in a different way from people in the n
28、orth.第26页用词用词词类型词类型5.wantWe want to report them to the police.6.haveThe police asked me if I have a gun.7.end Toms unhappy married life ended in divorce.8.manyThey have found many spelling errors.9.buy The buying power of the dollar has declined.10.on time Shes never on time for appointments.第27页用词用
29、词词义词义词词义义(The Meaning of Words)词义包含两个方面：所指意义(Denotation)和隐含意义(Connotation)。所指意义是指词原来意思，如词典中所注明意思；隐含意义则是指词所暗含感情或想法。以country，nation，state和land为例。这四个词有着或多或少相同意义，都相当于汉字“国 家”，但 它 们 含 义 截 然 不 一 样。country指 疆 土、其 人 口 以 及 政 府。nation侧 重 指 主 权 国 家，也 指 国 民。state主 要 指 政 府 以 及 国 家 政 治 组 织。land比country意思愈加广泛，而且多见于
30、文学作品中，并带有感情色彩。第28页 英语中同义词尤其丰富，因为英语在许多世英语中同义词尤其丰富，因为英语在许多世纪发展过程中，吸收了其它语言中大量词汇。但纪发展过程中，吸收了其它语言中大量词汇。但我们要切记，在英语中，极难找到在意思和使用我们要切记，在英语中，极难找到在意思和使用方法上完全相同两个词，它们在文体层次、强调方法上完全相同两个词，它们在文体层次、强调程度、感情色彩、语气和搭配上总是会有些许差程度、感情色彩、语气和搭配上总是会有些许差异。请看下面几组词语：异。请看下面几组词语：用词用词词义词义第29页(1)big和和large(2)small和little(3)modest和hum
31、ble 注意：不要把一个英语词汉字译法看成它确实切意思，或者经过汉字译法了解英语词汇。为了准确地了解一个英语词意思，最好查阅有英语释义词典。汉字翻译并不总是可靠，有时甚至还会造成误解。如:sendeconomic和economicalfamily和home用词用词词义词义第30页Practice3Directions:Choose the correct word from the parentheses to fill in the blank.1.Although the place is situated in the north,rice is the food of the loca
32、l inhabitants.(principal,principle)2.The audience stood up when the hero appeared on the platform.(respectfully,respectively)3.In the late 19th century,tens of thousands of people from eastern Europe to the United States.(emigrated,immigrated)4.The defendant pleaded that he was .(ignorant,innocent)用
33、词用词词义词义第31页5.She is tall and and so has been chosen by the fashion company to be a model.(slender,skinny)6.We down on the grass and looked up at the sky.(lay,laid)7.From the lukewarm response of the audience,I can that they did not like the new play.(infer,imply)8.There is a rumor that the price of
34、gasoline will again.(rise,raise)9.As soon as danger threatened,the guard his post.(abandoned,left)10.I dont think its wise of him to such a good suggestion.(refuse,reject)用词用词词义词义第32页习语习语(Idiomatic Expressions)英语中习语非常丰富，但就其形式而言可归英语中习语非常丰富，但就其形式而言可归纳为以下八种常见类型。纳为以下八种常见类型。1短语动词短语动词(Phrasal Verbs)break
35、out 暴发，突然出现；逃脱，逃走暴发，突然出现；逃脱，逃走go into进入，参加；调查，研究进入，参加；调查，研究look forward to 期望，期待期望，期待put up with容忍，忍受容忍，忍受用词用词习语习语第33页2名词介词名词名词介词名词(Noun+Preposition+Noun)a straw in the wind (预示事态发展)迹象，苗头，征兆(like)a cat on hot bricks 局促不安，如坐针毡，像热锅上蚂蚁(in)a world of ones own 沉醉在自己世界中；生活在自己小天地里(like)a fish out of water
36、不得其所人；不适应陌生环境人the apple of ones eyes 心肝宝贝；掌上明珠用词用词习语习语第34页3介词名词介词名词(Preposition+Noun)off ones food(因为生病或情绪低落等而)没有胃口at length详细地；最终，终于in kind以实物(偿付)；以一样方法on the air 广播with flying colors 很成功地，出众地4动词名词动词名词(Verb+Noun)go to the dogs (组织)每况愈下，趋于衰败，一蹶不振kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟，一箭双雕，一举两得slip ones
37、mind忘记，不记得hold water(指理论等)经得起论证，站得住脚用词用词习语习语第35页5 as.asas tough as nails 身体强壮；非常坚强；不轻易流露感情，铁石心肠as large as life 千真万确(用于表示没有料到某人出现)as different as chalk and cheese截然不一样，天壤之别as easy as pie/ABC极其简单，极轻易as poor as a church mouse(as a rat)非常贫穷用词用词习语习语第36页6配对组合词配对组合词(Combined Words)high and dry 处境艰难，陷入困境，孤
38、立无援in black and white白纸黑字safe and sound安全，平安无恙touch and go一触即发，危险，不稳定用词用词习语习语第37页7动词与其对应动词与其对应“动词名词介词动词名词介词”结构结构looktake a look at看一看stop put a stop to 使停下talk have a talk with与谈话8谚语谚语(Proverbs)用词用词习语习语第38页Practice 4Directions：Read the passage.Try to recognize and understand the idiomatic expression
39、s.Sandra Gets on with People Sandra is a pleasant-natured girl.She is easy-going,tolerant and adaptable.When shes with other people,she listens to them talking instead of arguing with them or jumping down their throats by contradicting them.When shes with her friends,she accepts either their likes o
40、r dislikes.Love me,love my dog.She knows all that.And when she is with the elders,she comes hat in hand,seldom going against them.用词用词习语习语第39页 However,this does not mean she has no ideas of her own.She is full of new and interesting ideas.And sometimes,she knows she is better informed than her peers
41、.And she knows,too,she is quicker at picking up new things and more capable of solving problems.But,she never talks big or shows off.In fact,she remains modest and prudent.Because of this personality,she gets on with people of all personalities and is on good terms with people of all ages.Indeed,she
42、 enjoys more popularity than most other girls of her age.用词用词习语习语第40页词词 语语 选选 取取 (The Choice and Use of Words)从语义上来说，词大致可分为两类：抽象、笼统词和详细、有个性词。比如：tree与pine,oak,ash,maple相比，tree意思更广泛，而pine,oak,ash,maple意思更为详细。在写作中，抽象、笼统词所包含信息量大、表示力强；而详细、有个性词有利于使文章更清楚明确、鲜明生动。试比较：用词用词词语选取词语选取第41页General：After a days hard
43、 work,I walked towards my apartment.Specific：After a days hard work,I dragged my legs towards my apartment.General：My Chinese teacher is very good.Specific：My Chinese teacher,Mrs.Liu,is learned,helpful and patient.General：The dinner is very good.Specific：The dinner is rich and tasty.General：He has a
44、 tool in his hand.Specific：He has a hammer in his hand.用词用词词语选取词语选取第42页在下面例子中，我们把词语选取放在段落水平上，让 我 们 来 仔 细 对 比 琢 磨 一 下 吧.General：In the two-day weekend,we can have a good rest.Besides,we can make good use of the time and do a lot of things.But,as college students,we cannot forget our main task.So we s
45、hould also work hard on our lessons during the weekend.In a word,we should make good use of the two-day weekend and spend it meaningfully.用词用词词语选取词语选取第43页Specific：In the two-day weekend,we have more free time to enjoy.We can sleep longer than usual and make our mind at more ease.We can follow our in
46、terests and hobbies.If we like,we can go outing with our friends and get nearer to nature.Besides,we can also enjoy reading novels or watching TV freely.At the same time,as college students,we should never forget to set aside some time to review what we have learned in the past week and prepare for
47、lessons in the coming week.In a word,we should make good use of the two-day weekend and spend it meaningfully.用词用词词语选取词语选取第44页Practice 5Directions：Give out the specific words.1.see：_ _ _ _ _ 2.get：_ _ _ _ _ 3.trees：_ _ _ _ _ 4.flowers：_ _ _ _ _ 5.money：_ _ _ _ _ 6.exercise：_ _ _ _ _ 7.tell：_ _ _ _ _ 8.have：_ _ _ _ _ 9.go：_ _ _ _ _ 10.show：_ _ _ _ _ 用词用词词语选取词语选取第45页