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1、备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)语篇理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、 标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读 短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字 里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。在中考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：(1) What would be the best title for the text? AVhat is the topic of the text?(2) Th
2、e main topic / subject of the passage is.(3) The main idea/The general idea is/The main theme of this passage is.(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?(6) What is the main idea of the passage?(7) Whafs the main point the writer is trying
3、 to make in the last paragraph?(8) The purpose of this passage is.(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?(11) The passage mainly focuses on.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文 章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。主旨大意题的分类1 .从考查
4、对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多, 其次是末段或为几段主题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问.主题句可能是段落的 首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。2 .从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意;目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；当劳）and decided to hand them out.We enjoyed what we saw in the street: a surprised and happy person holding up his lunch bag. Then
5、we noticed a small old woman asking for food. We handed her our final lunch bag. As we got into the car, she started to speak to us. No one has ever done anything like this for me before/9 she said with a smile. Well, Im glad that we were the first,“ I replied. 6So, when will you eat your lunch? I a
6、sked. She just looked at me with her huge, tired brown eyes and said, “Oh, honey, Im not going to eat this lunch. You see, I have a little girl. I usually cant afford to buy her the food she enjoys. But tonight she will be so happy!”I dont know if the woman noticed the tears （泪水）in my eyes. I have q
7、uestioned many times whether our acts of kindness were too small to make a difference. Yet at that moment, I realized the truth of Mother Teresas words: We cannot do great things-only small things with great love.24. On Thankful Thursday, the writer often went with her two daughters to.A. visit thei
8、r friendsB. do some charity work C. have lunch in McDonald25. The old woman was the one to get the lunch.A. firstB. secondC. last26. According to the passage, which is true about the old woman?A. She would give the lunch to her daughter.B. She ate the lunch when she got homeC. She didn9t like the fo
9、od from McDonalds27. After the writer learned the story of the woman, she was.A. angryB. movedC. surprised28. What does the article want to tell us?A Its difficult to help everyone in need.B. A small act of kindness means a lot.C. Each family has its own problems.8I would never forget what I learned
10、 from the day when I left my junior high school. On the last day our teacher told us something educational that I would like to share with you.He began by drawing a man standing in the middle of a circle. To make it more interesting, he drew things like a house, a school and a few friends inside the
11、 circle.He asked, Can anyone tell me what this is?” In a long silence, one student decided to express his idea, The world?” The teacher said, “Thats close. This is your Comfort Zone （舍予适 圈）.Inside your circle you have all the things that are important to you-your home, your family, your friends and
12、your jobs. People feel that inside this circle they are safe from any danger.“Can anyone tell me what will happen when you step out of this circle? A strong silence came over the room. The same student replied, You are afraid.Another student said. You may make mistakes79 The silence continued and ou
13、r teacher smiled and asked, “When you make mistakes, what can the result be?” The first student said. You learn something.”“Exactly, you are learning. Our teacher turned to the blackboard and drew an arrow （箭头） pointing from the man to the outside of the circle. He went on saying, When you leave you
14、r Comfort Zone, you put yourself out there. The result is that you learn something that you do not know to become a better person. He drew a bigger circle around the original （原来的） circle, and added a few new things like more friends, a big house, etc.A lesson from this story is that if you stay ins
15、ide your Comfort Zone you will never be able to open your eyes to the outside world. When you step out of your Comfort Zone, you will make your circle bigger to challenge your mind and grow to be stronger, and all in all to be a better person.29. The story happened on.A. the first day of junior high
16、 schoolB. the last day of junior high schoolC. the first day of senior high schoolD. the last day of senior high school30. Which of the following is NOT included in the Comfort Zone that the teacher drew on the blackboard first?A. Friends.B. House.C. Cars.D. School.31. When people step out of the Co
17、mfort Zone, they will at last.A. learn somethingB. feel a little afraidC. begin to make mistakesD. miss their family and friends32. The passage mainly tells us that.A. families always get in the way of peoples growthB. airows help people make more friendsC. silence in the class means students can th
18、ink moreD. stepping out of Comfort Zone can make people better参考答案1【答案】l.c 2. A 3. D 4. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。通过介绍几种新科技来告诉我们，现在的科学技术发展速度很 快，我们只有不断学习才能赶上科学发展的脚步。【详解】1.细节理解题。根据第三段“It tells you where the user is on the earth in all weather conditions”可知，GPS全球定位系统能在任何天气条件下告诉你使用者的确切位置。故选C。 2.推埋判断题。根据第四段Its even
19、hoped that one day space technology will take humans to their new houses in space”可知I,人们希望ISS能把人们带到太空的新家，而不是已经把人们 带到了其他星球上。It has carried people to other planets“它把人们带到了其他星球”说法错误， 故选Ao3 .细节理解题。根据第三段It will be used to search for ancient ships which were destroyed into the deep sea during their journe
20、y long ago”可知，Hercules 是一种水下机器人，用来搜寻海中 的沉船。look for the ancient ships in the sea在海里寻找远古的船只”符合题意，故选D。4 .主 旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段Its important for us to learn about new technology and the role that it plays in our lives”,可知短文告诉我们现在的科学技术发展速度很快，只有不 断学习才能赶上科学发展的脚步，所以对于我们来说学新科技是非常重要的。it，s very important for us
21、to learn about new technology”学习新科技的重要性”符合文意,故选B。2【答案】5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C【解析】科学家们认为，人类可以把人的名字和他们的外表联系起来，甚至可以根据长相猜 出某人的名字。研究人员通过实验得出志愿者的猜出38%正确的名字，只有当一个人经常 使用名字时，他的外表才会受到他们名字的影响。5 .主旨大意题。本篇讲述研究人员通过实验得出人类可以把人的名字和他们的外表联系起 来，甚至可以根据长相猜出某人的名字；只有当一个人经常使用名字时，他的外表才会受到 他们名字的影响；故选A。6 .细节理解题。根据第五段“This kind of face
22、- -name matching happens because of a process of self-fulfilling prophecy , as we become what other people expect us to become,“可知这种脸和 名匹配的发生是因为一个自我实现的预言过程，故选C。7 .细节理解题。根据第六段people tend to think that men named Bob should have rounder faces because the word itself looks round,”可知人们倾向于认为叫鲍勃的男人应该有更圆的脸；
23、故选 Do8 .推理判断题。根据第三段“The volunteers were able to guess the right name 38 percent of the time.”可知志愿者能猜出38%正确的名字；十个中将近猜对四个，概率将近是40%；故选C。3【答案】9.D 10. C 11. C 12. A【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍的是地震的相关事实，地震产生的原因，大地震前 后会有余震，地震波及强度的测量。9 .推理判断题。根据第一段“Earthquakes usually happen on the edges of large sections of the Eart
24、h*s plates. . These plates slowly move over a long period of time. Sometimes the edges, which are called fault lines, can get stuck, but the plates keep moving. Pressure slowly starts to build up where the-edges are stuck and, once the pressure gets strong enough, the-plates will suddenly move causi
25、ng an earthquake.”可知具体的解释地区板块的大型区域的边缘发生地震的原因。故 选D。10 .推理判断题。根据第二段“Scientists dont really know if an earthquake is a foreshock until the bigger earthquake occurs”科学家不能确定地知道是否小地震是前震除非有更大的地震发 生。可知在更大的地震发生之后，人们可能才会注意到前震的存在。故选C O11 .推理判断题。根据图片“3.5-5.4 Felt, hardly causes damage”可知如果发生5.0的地震的话 会被感知到，但是几乎不
26、会造成损害。C选项“全家福从墙上掉下来”符合。故选C。12 .主旨大意题。文章主要介绍的是地震的相关事实，地震产生的原因，大地震前后会有余 震，地震波及强度的测量。故选A o4【答案】13.B 14. D 15. D 16. C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲解了巧克力从墨西哥传到西班牙再到法国最后的到英国 的经历，并在文末介绍了好时巧克力的由来。13 .词义猜测题。根据后文“The Spanish, however, added sugar to make it sweet, and they drank it hot.”可知，西班牙人加糖在巧克力中可知原来的巧克力应是苦的，故选B。14 .
27、细节理解题。根据最后一段“In 1900, the English started putting milk in their chocolates is Milton Hershey.可知，Hershey在1900年在巧克力中放牛奶，故选Do15 .细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“They were places where people could meet to drink chocolate together and talk可知”chocolate houses”指的是人们可以喝咖啡和聊天的地方，故选D。16 .主旨大意题。这篇文章主要讲巧克力从墨西哥传到西班牙再到法国最后的到英国的经
28、历，即巧克力的发展史，故选C。5【答案】17.D 18. B 19. C 20. D【解析】本文主要阐述了父母和孩子之间如何交流沟通以消除代沟问题。17 .细节理解题。根据第一段第一句Ive heard of many complaints from both parents and children”可知，父母和孩子都抱怨。故选D。18 .词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句 Generation gap means misunderstanding between parents and children.可知，代沟的含义是指在父母与孩子之间存在“误解: 故选B。19 .主旨大意题。根据第二段首
29、句“What are the reasons behind the generation gap?”及下文内容 可知，这是本段的主题句，下面的内容都是围绕此句展开的，所以第二段主要告诉我们产生 代沟的原因。故选C。20 .细节理解题。根据第三段“How to bridge the generation gap? Communication!”可矢口，消除 代沟的方法是“交流”。故选D。6【答案】21. C 22. D 23. C【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。主要记叙了美国孩子Liam Hannon在暑假做爱心午餐，帮助那 些饥饿的人们的故事。21 .细节理解题。根据文中He created the
30、 online page with his father as a way to help raise money for Lunches of Love. Donations that were received through GoFundMe have enabled Liam to buy a better cart （手推车）and make thousands of additional lunches. Liam also gets help from friends and volunteers to make and deliver the lunches.”可知，Liam
31、hannon 在 2017 年暑假，他 和他的父亲还有朋友一起帮助了很多无家可归的人。故选C。22 .细节理解题。根据文中“Liam has another project called Legos （乐高）of Love. People send in their old toys, which are then sorted and given to children who are living at homeless shelters.” 可知，Liam通过创建一个叫做爱的乐高的项目来帮助那些无家可归的孩子们。故选D。23 .主旨大意题。根据文中最后一段“One thing is ce
32、rtain: This now 12-year-old knows how to pay it forward （让爱传播出去）.His Lunches of Love is an example of how even something as simple as a sandwich can change the world.”可知，利亚姆的故事主要告诉我们，简单的帮助可 以带来很大的改变。故选C。7【答案】24.B 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. B【解析】文章讲述的是作者带着两个女儿在每周四都去帮助别人，一次帮助别人的经历让她 意识到了虽然所做的是小事，但是也对别人产生了很
33、大的影响。24 .细节理解题。根据Its a weekly tradition that my two little girls and I began years ago. We always go out in the world and do charity （慈善）work”可知，作者和她的两个女儿经常去做慈 善工作，故选B。25 .细节理解题。根据“Then we noticed a small old woman asking for food. We handed her our final lunch bag”可知，这位老妇人是最后得到午餐的，故选C。26 .推理判断题。根据“
34、Oh, honey, 2m not going to eat this lunch. You see, I have a little girl. I usually cant afford to buy her the food she enjoys. But tonight she will be so happy”可知，老妇人 准备把这份午餐留给她的女儿，A表述正确，故选A。27 .细节理解题。根据I dont know if the woman noticed the tears （泪水）in my eyes.可知， 听了老人的故事，她很感动，故选B。28 . 主旨大意题。根据“I h
35、ave questioned many times whether our acts of kindness were too small to make a difference”可知，这篇文章想告诉我们一个小小的善行意味着许多，故选B。8【答案】29.B 30. C 31. A 32. D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者在中学毕业前一天，老师给作者上了一节难忘的课：如果 你呆在你的舒适区，你将永远无法开拓你对外面的世界视野。当你走出你的舒适区，你会让 你的圈子更大，挑战你的思想，变得更强大，总而言之，成为一个更好的人。29 .细节理解题。根据文中第一段“ would never forget
36、 what I learned from the day when T left my junior high school. On the last day our teacher told us something educational that I would like to share with you.可知当我要离开中学时，老师最后一天给我们讲了很有教育意义的课。可 见，是初中的最后一天。故选B。30 .细节理解题。根据文中第三段“This is your Comfort Zone. Inside your circle you have all the things that a
37、re important to you-your home, your family, your friends and your jobs. People feel that inside this circle they are safe from any danger.“舒适圈里是你的房子，你的家，你的朋友 和职业。人们在舒适圈里觉得很安全。可知，学校也是舒适圈里的，所以不包括车。故选C。31 .细节理解题。根据文中第四段“The silence continued and our teacher smiled and asked,When you make mistakes, what
38、 can the result be?” The first student said, “You learn something*可知在你犯错之后是学习。可见走出舒适圈是你在学习。故选A。32 .主旨大意题。根据文中第六段“When you step out of your Comfort Zone, you will make your circle bigger to challenge your mind and grow to be stronger, and all in all to be a better person.可知当你走出舒适圈，你在调整自己变成更强大的人，总之是更好
39、的人。可见文章 的中心大意是走出舒适圈，成为更好的人。故选D。标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。设问特点：1 .考查全文主旨或段落大意。2 .正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3 .错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4 .常以 main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：(1)中心思想类The main point /idea of the passage is.The passage is mai nly about.The passage mainly discusses.The last bu
40、t one paragraph is chiefly concerned with.?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea ofthe passage?(2)标题类Which of the following is the best title of the passage?The best title for the passage would be .(3)目的类The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to .The passage is m
41、eant to .In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to.怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且 也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的 确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精 练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作 者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖
42、面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围 太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体 的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上, 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中 心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及 色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔， 是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，
43、读者常常从标题上决定文 章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标 题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词 组。比如某一文章的中心句为:CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHINA issued the first se
44、t of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names标题： China issued 1st set of stamps on family names【典例示例】August 8, was Earth Overshoot Day. Calculated annually by the environmental advocacy（支 持，拥护）group, Global Footprint Network（GFN）, it is the day when human has consumed all the natural resour
45、ces - produce, meat, fish, water, and wood - that our planet can regenerate（再生） in a single year. This means that for the rest of 2016, we will be using natural resources that are impossible to replace.For those that are a little confused, it is similar to spending your entire years allowance by Aug
46、ust and then borrowing money from friends, knowing fully well that you cannot repay the loan. GFN says that the same thing happens in the case of the Earth.The date of Earth Overshoot Day varies each year. In an ideal, fully sustainable world, we should only spend what we have. This means that Earth
47、 Overshoot Day would fall on December 31, or perhaps even spill into the following year, indicating that we are saving some resources for a rainy day. That did happen in 1961, when we only consumed three-quarters of what the planet produced.Unfortunately, the day has been going up rapidly since 2014
48、 when it fell on August 19. In 2015, it was August 13, and this year, the earliest so far August 8! The only way to sustain this demand would be to have 1.6 earths, which as we all know, is not possible.Fortunately, experts say that the situation is not as grim as it sounds. Many countries are already taking steps to reduce carbon emissions, which accounts for 60% of our ecological footprint, by switching to solar or wind-generated power.Individuals can also help by eating less meat,