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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingWrite an essay describing the significance of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the ancient Mesopotamians settled.Social StudiesName another important contribution of the Sumerians.Write a script for a commercial to
2、 advertise this new technology.Present it to your class.ConnectionsAncient MesopotamiaA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,672www.readinga-Written by Susan LennoxLEVELED BOOK Z1WZZ1Ancient MesopotamiaAncient Mesopotamia20Glossaryalloy(n.)a metal that is a combination of two or more metals(
3、p.13)city-states(n.)cities or urban areas that act as independent countries(p.7)civilized(adj.)having an advanced level of social order and cultural development(p.4)commerce(n.)the buying and selling of goods;business or trade(p.8)cuneiform(n.)a system of writing made up of wedge-shaped characters,u
4、sed in parts of the ancient Middle East(p.8)demigod(n.)a being from mythology who is part human and part god(p.10)nomadic(adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.6)phonologic of or relating to the study of speech (adj.)sounds within or among languages(p.9)pictographs(n.)symbols or
5、 pictures that represent words or ideas(p.8)smelted(v.)melted or fused using extreme heat (p.13)stele(n.)a large,upright slab or column of rock,usually inscribed with designs or words that commemorate something or someone;stela(p.12)ziggurat(n.)a rectangular structure in ancient Mesopotamia with ste
6、ps up the sides and a temple at the top(p.7)www.readinga-What were the important features of ancient Mesopotamia?Focus QuestionWritten by Susan LennoxAncient Mesopotamia2019The barbaric Gutians had little understanding of how a civilized society functioned.They were poor administrators.They allowed
7、the canal network to fall into disrepair and brought on a terrible famine.Their 125-year rule of Sumer led to what came to be known as the Dark Age of Mesopotamia.It was not until the seventeenth century bce under the reign of King Hammurabi that Mesopotamia would regain its stature as a thriving em
8、pire called Babylonia.Sumerians pray to their gods for victory in battle against the Gutians.A winged bull with a human head is an Assyrian guardian figure from the gate of the palace near Nineveh,Iraq.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z1Front cover:An ornate bulls head decorates a harp owned by a Sumerian
9、princess of Ur.Title page:A sculpture of a lion-headed eagle was discovered at an ancient Sumerian archaeological site.Page 3:A clay tablet was used to record rations and goods.The images were inscribed using a sharp instrument.Photo Credits:Front cover:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images;t
10、itle page:DEA/A.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images;page 3:Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 5:CM Dixon/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 6:PRISMA ARCHIVO/Alamy Stock Photo;page 7(main):DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini Picture Library/G
11、etty Images;page 7(inset):KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images;page 8:Prisma/UIG/Universal Images Group/Getty Images;page 9:dpa picture alliance archive/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10:DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 11:CM Dixon/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 12:Gianni Dagli Ort
12、i/REX/Shutterstock;page 13:Bettmann/Getty Images;page 15:iStock/fotofrog;page 16(top):DEA/A.DE GREGORIO/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 16(center):iStock/SvetlanaK;page 16(bottom):iStock/TimAbramowitz;page 17(top):iStock/MACIEJ NOSKOWSKI;page 17(center):iStock/1001nights;page 17(bottom):iStock/benedek
13、;page 18:Leemage/Corbis Historical/Getty Images;page 19:Classic Image/Alamy Stock PhotoWords to Knowalloycity-statescivilized commerce cuneiform demigod nomadic phonologic pictographs smelted stele ziggurat CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAAncient MesopotamiaLevel Z1 Level
14、ed Book Learning AZWritten by Susan LennoxAll rights reserved.www.readinga-193Table of ContentsIntroduction .4The Ubaid .5Uruk,the First City .7Warring City-States .12Prosperity and Advancement .15Fall of an Empire .18Glossary .20Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z118Fall of an EmpireThe Akkadian Empire end
15、ed about 2150 bce after many internal uprisings and an invasion by the Gutians(GOO-tee-uhnz),who were nomads from the mountains to the north.Gutian war parties held regular raids on the outer reaches of the kingdom.As a result,trade slowed and fields lay untended.The Akkadian ruler at that time,Shar
16、-Kali-Sharri,struggled to maintain control as the Gutians intruded farther into Mesopotamia.Eventually,the Gutian nomads took over Akkad,and the Akkadian Empire collapsed.An ancient statue depicts Gudea,a Gutian prince who ruled Lagash between 2144 and 2124 bce.4IntroductionHuman beings have existed
17、 for nearly two hundred thousand years.They did not,however,form civilized societies until relatively recently.Historians define a civilized society as one that maintains rules and policies that help groups of people live and work together.One of the earliest examples of a civilized society is that
18、of ancient Mesopotamia.Occupying present-day Turkey,Syria,Iraq,and Kuwait,Mesopotamia was the birthplace of civilization.This civilization brought about advancements that helped shape society as we know it today.The name Mesopotamia means“the land between two rivers,”referring to its location betwee
19、n the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.Ancient Mesopotamia 50002150 bceMEDITERRANEAN SEABLACK SEACASPIAN SEAUrLagashUmmaBabylonUrukMariAKKADFERTILE CRESCENTFERTILE CRESCENTEuphrates RiverTigris RiverAFRICAEUROPE17Around 3500 bce,the Sumerians began using a round flat mechanical device to make clay bowls.
20、The potters wheel sat horizontally on an axis and,when spun,allowed the potter to make a bowl with even edges and surfaces.It took a while for the Sumerians to realize they could use it as a way to easily move objects and transport people.After much experimenting,the Sumerians tried attaching one wh
21、eel to each side of a single axle.The result was a device that made it easy to carry loads.The cart rolled across the ground with minimal effort.Other civilizations copied the Sumerians invention,and wheels were soon used across the civilized world.The Sumerians invention of the wheel was one of the
22、 most important technological advances in human history.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z15The UbaidThe heart of ancient Mesopotamian civilization was nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in an area known as the Fertile Crescent.The first people to inhabit Mesopotamia settled the southernmost r
23、egion of the crescent in what is now Iraq and Kuwait.Modern archaeologists uncovered ancient stone tools,bricks,and pottery at the Tell al Ubaid(TEL EL oh-BAYD)site near the Euphrates River.The artifacts were the only sources of information about the lives of these ancient people.The items show that
24、 farming settlements existed as early as 5000 bce.Researchers named the settlers the Ubaid after the site where the artifacts were found.A small mosaic box thought to be a case for a musical instrument depicts life in early Mesopotamia.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z116A System of SixtyWe use numerical
25、base systems when we count certain objects.For example,when counting dozens of eggs,we use base twelve:twelve eggs equal one dozen.When we count time,we use a system devised by the ancient Mesopotamiansbase sixty.There are sixty seconds in one minute and sixty minutes in one hour.Why did the Mesopot
26、amians use base sixty?Historians arent quite sure,but one theory is that sixty can be split evenly so many ways,which made it easy to do math in a world without calculators.The seals were used not only to indicate property rights but also to conduct day-to-day business in the empire.Documents and tr
27、ansactions were approved by pressing ones seal into the clay.The Mesopotamians also developed the idea of numerical place value.Their counting system was a base sixty,or sexagesimal,system.The way we measure time and calculate angles uses this same system,which originated thousands of years ago.An a
28、ncient Mesopotamian cylinder seal was the signature of all Sumerians.6The Ubaid were the first people to tame and master the land known as Sumer.Before the Ubaid formed settlements,they and other Sumerian tribes were nomadic hunters and gatherers,roaming from place to place.Their travels were determ
29、ined by weather and the availability of food and water.Eventually,the Ubaid developed ways to sustain themselves in one place.They drained marshes and grew crops in the fertile soil.They constructed irrigation canals to channel water to drier areas.In addition,they made pottery from river clay and w
30、ove baskets from reeds that grew in shallow water.The rivers bounty not only met their personal needs but also provided goods for trade with travelers.Major trade routes wound from Asia and Europe through the rich plains of Sumeria.Items that the Ubaid could not grow or make themselves were obtained
31、 from traders.Cedar from Lebanon and metals from other regions were highly sought by the Ubaid.Copper lion heads were commonly used as protective guardian figures on Mesopotamian structures.15Prosperity and AdvancementPeace during the Akkadian empire brought progress to Mesopotamia.Under Akkadian ru
32、le,Mesopotamia created the first postal system.Clay tablets were inscribed with cuneiform messages,then wrapped in clay envelopes.An envelope was marked with the seal of the sender and the name and address of the recipient.The message could only be read by the recipient because the clay envelope had
33、 to be broken in order to get what was inside.A centralized government was established,along with enforced laws and regulations.Trade networks expanded,and commerce boomed.Personal property featured relief figures.These ornate images served much more than a decorative purpose.The figures were made b
34、y cylinder sealscarved tubes that were pressed into clay and used to show ownership.This 2,300-year-old letter is written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z17Uruk,the First CityOver the years,more and more Sumerian settlements sprang up in the Fertile Crescent.A number
35、of these settlements grew to become true cities and eventually city-states.The most influential was the city of Uruk(modern-day Warka,Iraq).From 4100 through 3000 bce,Uruk was the areas center of authority and trade.At one point,Uruk had up to eighty thousand inhabitants.The city covered more than 2
36、.6 square kilometers(1 sq.mi.)and boasted monumental buildings made of mud bricks.A multitiered ziggurat,or temple,served as a center of worship and sacrifice.It and other important structures were decorated with painted clay mosaics and relief carvings.A drawing(main)shows a reconstructed ziggurat
37、from ancient Mesopotamia.The stone base of Uruks ziggurat still remains at its original site(inset).Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z114The Akkadian empire lasted until 2150 bce.At its peak,it stretched from the Mediterranean Sea in the west and Arabia in the south to Iran in the east and the Anatolian Pe
38、ninsula in the north.The Akkadians did not speak Sumerian.However,they adapted the Sumerian cuneiform script to write in their own language.The Sumerian language was only used by scholars and literary scribes as part of official and religious ceremonies.The very first literary works in Sumerian of w
39、hich the author was known were poems written by Sargons daughter Enheduanna.She was a high priestess in the city of Ur.Many of her poems praised the goddess Inanna,the most popular deity in Mesopotamia.Literacy was highly valued in Mesopotamia,as was shown by an extensive library in the city of Mari
40、.The library held over twenty thousand cuneiform tablets.Sargons Akkadian EmpireMEDITERRANEAN SEACASPIAN SEAEgyptSyriaAkkadEMPIRE OF SARGONEMPIRE OF SARGON8Uruk was also where Mesopotamian pictographs first appeared.This early written language grew out of Uruks role as a center of commerce.Simple im
41、ages were marked on clay tablets to tally workers rations and as a record of goods.Over the next thousand years,pictographs evolved into a system of writing known as cuneiform.For the first time in human history,symbols were used to stand for sounds rather than objects.The symbols could be used to w
42、rite in any language.An account of monthly grain rations was written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet around 2350 bce.13Trade routes were vital for supplying the materials needed to craft the tools of warfare.Blacksmiths had discovered that two soft metals,copper and tin,could be smelted togethe
43、r to create a relatively hard substance.This alloy,known as bronze,was well suited for making swords and spear tips.Tin,however,was rare.It could only be obtained from traders from central Asia or Europe.Disrupting trade routes was a common strategy among feuding city-states.They knew that a lack of
44、 smelting materials would put the opposing army at a distinct disadvantage.The Sumerians constant fighting came to an end when King Sargon of Akkad(in southern Mesopotamia)took control of the region in about 2340 bce.His conquest united the city-states into the Akkadian Empire.Sargon maintained orde
45、r and control by placing key trusted allies in positions of power throughout the kingdom.Sargons descendants continued this practice.A Sumerian priest points to a stele marking the boundary between Umma and Lagash.The two city-states were in constant dispute over possession of land.Ancient Mesopotam
46、ia Level Z19This phonologic system had several advantages over a pictographic system.Since the same set of symbols could be shuffled to form different words,fewer symbols were needed.The system also made it easier to express abstract concepts that would be difficult to show as pictures.Clay tablets
47、inscribed with wedge-shaped cuneiform symbols provide information about Sumerian life during that period.Residents of Uruk and other city-states within Sumeria lived in structured societies.At the highest level was a priest-king.That person led various other ranking officials,such as a leader of the
48、 plow,leader of the law,and so on.Women of that era were granted many of the same privileges as men.Trade became an important means for establishing the roles of city rulers.Leaders sought more and more luxury items to show off their influence and power.Ancient PaycheckBeveled-rim bowls were mass-pr
49、oduced in Uruk.They were used throughout the region as measuring and rationing tools to pay workers since wages at the time were calculated in bowls of grain.The clay tablet was used for keeping account of the rationed goods.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z112Warring City-StatesAs the Sumerian city-state
50、s expanded and thrived,they began to compete with each other for control and influence over the region.War became more and more common.The earliest detailed record of Sumerian warfare shows a battle between the Mesopotamian city-states of Lagash and Umma in 2525 bce.Figures and writing inscribed on