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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingWrite an essay describing the significance of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the ancient Mesopotamians settled.Social StudiesName another important contribution of the Sumerians.Write a script for a commercial to
2、 advertise this new technology.Present it to your class.ConnectionsAncient MesopotamiaA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:1,396www.readinga-Ancient MesopotamiaAncient MesopotamiaWritten by Susan LennoxLEVELED BOOK ZWZZ1What were the important features of ancient Mesopotamia?Focus Questionwww
3、.readinga-Written by Susan LennoxAncient Mesopotamia16Glossaryalloy(n.)a metal that is a combination of two or more metals(p.11)city-states(n.)cities or urban areas that act as independent countries(p.7)civilized(adj.)having an advanced level of social order and cultural development(p.4)commerce(n.)
4、the buying and selling of goods;business or trade(p.13)cuneiform(n.)a system of writing made up of wedge-shaped characters,used in parts of the ancient Middle East(p.8)demigod(n.)a being from mythology who is part human and part god(p.10)nomadic(adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent ho
5、me(p.6)phonologic of or relating to the study of speech (adj.)sounds within or among languages(p.9)pictographs(n.)symbols or pictures that represent words or ideas(p.8)smelted(v.)melted or fused using extreme heat (p.11)stele(n.)a large,upright slab or column of rock,usually inscribed with designs o
6、r words that commemorate something or someone;stela(p.11)ziggurat(n.)a rectangular structure in ancient Mesopotamia with steps up the sides and a temple at the top(p.7)16Front cover:An ornate bulls head decorates a harp owned by a Sumerian princess of Ur.Title page:A sculpture of a lion-headed eagle
7、 was discovered at an ancient Sumerian archaeological site.Page 3:A clay tablet was used to record rations and goods.The images were inscribed using a sharp instrument.Photo Credits:Front cover:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images;title page:DEA/A.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty
8、 Images;page 3:Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 5:CM Dixon/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 6:PRISMA ARCHIVO/Alamy Stock Photo;page 7(top):DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images;page 7(bottom):KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images;pag
9、e 8:Prisma/UIG/Universal Images Group/Getty Images;page 9:dpa picture alliance archive/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10:DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 11:Gianni Dagli Orti/REX/Shutterstock;page 13(left):iStock/TimAbramowitz;page 13(right):iStock/SvetlanaK;page 14(top):iStock/MACIEJ NOSKOWSK
10、I;page 14(center):iStock/1001nights;page 14(bottom):iStock/benedek;page 15:Leemage/Corbis Historical/Getty ImagesWords to Knowalloy city-states civilized commerce cuneiformdemigodnomadicphonologic pictographs smeltedsteleziggurat CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAAncient Mes
11、opotamiaLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Susan LennoxAll rights reserved.www.readinga-15Fall of an EmpireThe Akkadian Empire ended in about 2150 bce after many internal uprisings and an invasion by the Gutians(GOO-tee-uhnz).The Gutians were nomads from the mountains to the north.Gutian war
12、 parties held regular raids on the outer reaches of the kingdom.As a result,trade slowed and fields lay untended.Eventually,the Gutian nomads took over Akkad,and the Akkadian Empire collapsed.The Gutians had little understanding of how a civilized society worked.They let the canal network fall apart
13、 and brought on a terrible famine.Their 125-year rule of Sumer led to what came to be known as the Dark Age of Mesopotamia.It was not until the seventeenth century bce under the reign of King Hammurabi that Mesopotamia would return as a thriving empire called Babylonia.A statue shows Gudea,a Gutian
14、prince who ruled Lagash between 2144 and 2124 bce.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z153Table of ContentsIntroduction .4The Ubaid .5Uruk,the First City .7Warring City-States .11Prosperity and Advancement .13Fall of an Empire .15Glossary .16Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z14Around 3500 bce,the Sumerians began usi
15、ng a round flat mechanical device to make clay bowls.The potters wheel sat horizontally on an axis and,when spun,allowed the potter to make a bowl with even edges and surfaces.It took a while for the Sumerians to realize they could use it as a way to easily move objects and transport people.After mu
16、ch experimenting,the Sumerians tried attaching one wheel to each side of a single axle.The result was a device that made it easy to carry loads.The cart rolled across the ground with minimal effort.Other civilizations copied the invention,and wheels were soon used across the world.The Sumerians inve
17、ntion of the wheel was one of the most important technological advances in human history.4IntroductionHuman beings have been around for nearly two hundred thousand years.They did not,however,form civilized societies until relatively recently.A civilized society is one that has rules and policies tha
18、t help groups of people live and work together.One of the earliest examples of a civilized society was found in ancient Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia was located where Turkey,Syria,Iraq,and Kuwait are now.This“land between two rivers”was the birthplace of civilization.The name Mesopotamia means“the land b
19、etween two rivers,”referring to its location between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.Ancient Mesopotamia 50002150 bceMEDITERRANEAN SEABLACK SEACASPIAN SEAUrLagashUmmaBabylonUrukMariAKKADFERTILE CRESCENTFERTILE CRESCENTEuphrates RiverTigris RiverAFRICAEUROPE13Prosperity and AdvancementPeace during th
20、e Akkadian empire brought progress to Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia created the first postal system.Clay tablets were inscribed with cuneiform messages,then wrapped in clay envelopes.An envelope was marked with the seal of the sender and the name and address of the recipient.No one but the recipient could
21、 read the message because the clay envelope had to be broken in order to get to what was inside.A central government enforced laws and regulations.Trade networks expanded,and commerce boomed.Business was conducted using cylinder sealscarved tubes that were pressed into clay.Pressing ones seal into t
22、he clay was like signing ones name today.The Mesopotamians also developed the idea of numerical place value.The way we measure time uses this same system from long ago.A System of SixtyWe use numerical base systems when we count certain objects.For example,when counting dozens of eggs,we use base tw
23、elve:twelve eggs equal one dozen.When we count time,we use a system devised by the ancient Mesopotamiansbase sixty.There are sixty seconds in one minute and sixty minutes in one hour.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z5The UbaidThe heart of ancient Mesopotamian civilization was between the Tigris and Euphra
24、tes Rivers.That land came to be known as the Fertile Crescent.The first people to live in Mesopotamia settled the southernmost region of the crescent.Today,this area is Iraq and Kuwait.Modern archaeologists came across ancient stone tools,bricks,and pottery near the Euphrates River.These artifacts t
25、old stories about the lives of these ancient people.The items show that farming settlements existed as early as 5000 bce.Researchers named these early settlers the Ubaid after the site where the artifacts were found.A small mosaic box thought to be a case for a musical instrument depicts life in ear
26、ly Mesopotamia.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z12The Sumerians fighting came to an end when King Sargon of Akkad took control of the region in about 2340 bce.He united the city-states into the Akkadian Empire.Sargon maintained control by placing key trusted allies in positions of power.The Akkadian empir
27、e lasted until 2150 bce.At its peak,it stretched from the Mediterranean Sea in the west and Arabia in the south to Iran in the east and the Anatolian Peninsula in the north.The Akkadians did not speak Sumerian.However,they adapted the Sumerian cuneiform script to write in their own language.The Sume
28、rian languages were only used in official and religious ceremonies.The earliest Sumerian literary works credited to a person were poems written by Sargons daughter Enheduanna.She served as high priestess in the city of Ur.Among her poems were many verses praising the goddess Inanna,the most popular
29、deity in Mesopotamia.Sargons Akkadian EmpireMEDITERRANEAN SEACASPIAN SEAEgyptSyriaAkkadEMPIRE OF SARGONEMPIRE OF SARGON6The Ubaid were the first people to settle the land known as Sumer.Before the Ubaid formed settlements,they and other Sumerian tribes were nomadic hunters and gatherers.They roamed
30、from place to place in search of food and water.In time,the Ubaid found ways to live in one place.They drained marshes and grew crops in the rich soil.They built irrigation canals to bring water to drier areas.In addition,they made pottery from river clay and wove baskets from reeds that grew in sha
31、llow water.The rivers riches not only met their personal needs but also provided goods for trade with travelers.Major trade routes from Asia and Europe went through the rich plains of Sumeria.Items that the Ubaid could not grow or make themselves were obtained from traders.Copper lion heads were com
32、monly used as protective guardian figures on Mesopotamian structures.11Warring City-StatesAs the Sumerian city-states expanded and thrived,they began to fight with each other for control of the region.War became more and more common.The earliest detailed record of Sumerian warfare shows a battle bet
33、ween the Mesopotamian city-states of Lagash and Umma in 2525 bce.Figures and writing on an upright stone column called a stele(STEE-lee)show soldiers carrying swords,spears,and shields into battle.Military leaders rode in wheeled carts pulled by pairs of onagers,a native species of donkey.Trade rout
34、es supplied the materials needed to craft the tools of warfare.Blacksmiths had discovered that two soft metals,copper and tin,could be smelted together to make a harder substance.This alloy,known as bronze,was used for making swords and spear tips.Tin,however,was rare.It could only be obtained from
35、traders from central Asia or Europe.Disrupting trade routes was a way to keep weapons out of the hands of an opposing army.This fragment from a stele is one of the oldest known historical documents.It describes the war between Lagash and Umma.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z7Uruk,the First CityOver the y
36、ears,more Sumerian settlements sprang up in the Fertile Crescent.Some grew to become true cities and eventually city-states.Most important was the city of Uruk(modern-day Warka,Iraq).From 4100 through 3000 bce,Uruk was the areas center of authority and trade.At one point,Uruk had up to eighty thousa
37、nd residents.The city covered more than 2.6 square kilometers(1 sq.mi.)and had huge buildings made of mud bricks.A multilevel ziggurat,or temple,served as a center of worship and sacrifice.A drawing(top)shows a ziggurat from ancient Mesopotamia.The stone base of Uruks ziggurat(bottom)still sits at i
38、ts original site.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z10One of the most famous and celebrated rulers was King Gilgamesh(Bilgames in Sumerian).Gilgamesh is believed to have ruled Uruk around 2700 bce during the Early Dynastic Period(29002350 bce).He became an epic hero of song and legend.Poems were written abo
39、ut his 126-year reign.He was said to be a demigod,the son of King Lugalbanda and the Sumerian mother-goddess Ninsumun.Gilgamesh is credited with building the massive wall that protected Uruk.That wall still stands today.In 2003,German scientists found a tomb in a Euphrates riverbed that they thought
40、 belonged to Gilgamesh.It was quite similar to the tomb described in the epic.The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a collection of ancient Mesopotamian poems that tell of the exciting adventures of an ancient kings battles,struggles,and achievements as he strives to attain immortality.It is
41、 also believed to be the oldest surviving literary work in history.Stone tablets inscribed with individual poems date back to about 2100 bce.The epic tale describes Gilgamesh wearing the skins of lions he slew.8Uruk was where Mesopotamian pictographs first appeared.Pictographs are symbols used in wr
42、iting.This early written language grew out of Uruks role as a center of trade and business.Simple images were marked on clay tablets to add up workers rations and as a record of goods.Over time,pictographs changed into a system of writing known as cuneiform.Symbols stood for sounds rather than objec
43、ts.These sound symbols could be used to write in any language.An account of monthly grain rations was written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet around 2350 bce.9This phonologic system had several advantages over a pictographic system.Since the same set of symbols could be shuffled to form differe
44、nt words,fewer symbols were needed.The system also made it easier to express abstract concepts that would be difficult to show as pictures.Clay tablets marked with wedge-shaped cuneiform symbols provide information about Sumerian life during that era.Residents of Uruk and other city-states within Su
45、meria lived in structured societies.At the highest level was a priest-king.That person led various other ranking officials,such as a leader of the plow,leader of the law,and so on.Women of that time were granted many of the same rights as men.Trade became an important way to enhance the roles of cit
46、y rulers.Leaders sought more and more luxury items to show off their influence and power.Ancient PaycheckBeveled-rim bowls were mass-produced in Uruk.They were used throughout the region as measuring and rationing tools to pay workers since wages at the time were calculated in bowls of grain.The clay tablet was used for keeping account of the rationed goods.Ancient Mesopotamia Level Z