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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.StonehengeA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,678WritingImagine living in the time when Stonehenge was built.Write a journal entry detailing how and why it was built.Use details from the text to support your ideas.Social StudiesRese
2、arch more information about Avebury.Use a Venn diagram to compare Stonehenge and Avebury,and write an essay detailing your findings.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Sean McCollumStonehenge20Glossaryarchaeologists(n.)scientists who study the remains of ancient cultures
3、(p.5)ceremonial(adj.)relating to or used for a formal event that takes place on a special occasion(p.15)embankment(n.)a wall or mound of dirt,often used to support a roadway or hold back water(p.6)heritage(n.)a way of life,tradition,or characteristic that is passed down from generation to generation
4、(p.17)ingenuity(n.)cleverness or skill in solving a problem or challenge(p.19)innovative(adj.)creating something new and original(p.13)lintels(n.)pieces of stone or wood lying across the top of an opening,such as a window or door(p.7)megaliths(n.)large stones that prehistoric people used to build th
5、ings or as monuments(p.4)Neolithic(adj.)of or relating to the latest part of the Stone Age,known for the use of polished stone tools and weapons (p.5)quarries(n.)places where stone,marble,or slate are excavated(p.10)restored(v.)returned something to its original condition(p.17)solstices(n.)either of
6、 the two times of the year when the Sun is farthest from the equator(p.16)www.readinga-Why is Stonehenge an important landmark to preserve,and what can it teach us about ancient times?Focus QuestionWritten by Sean McCollumStonehenge2019Stonehenge Level Z1The Story of Stonehenge ContinuesStonehenge i
7、s an amazing landmark of an ancient time and place.Visitors marvel at the ingenuity of those who designed the monument to align with the suns movements.Impressed by its massive stones,they can picture hundreds of people working together to transport them to the site.They may wonder at the kind of te
8、amwork and muscle it must have required to raise the heavy stones and link them together.For centuries,Stonehenge served as a central sacred site for the people who lived in the lands around it.The United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)named Stonehenge a World Herita
9、ge Site worthy of special recognition and protection.Today,it stirs the imaginations of people all around the world.Stonehenge is not the only stone circle in England.A larger stone circle has been found in Avebury,40 kilometers(25 mi.)north of Stonehenge.StonehengeWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled B
10、ook Learning AZWritten by Sean McCollumAll rights reserved.www.readinga-archaeologistsceremonialembankmentheritageingenuityinnovativelintelsmegalithsNeolithicquarriesrestoredsolsticesWords to KnowFront and back cover:Many of the stones at Stonehenge have toppled over during its long history.Title pa
11、ge:When seen from above,the circular pattern of Stonehenge is much clearer than when seen from the ground.Page 3:Tourists can take a shuttle bus or walk from Stonehenge to the nearby visitor center,where many exhibits are on display.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Peter Adams/AWL Images/Getty I
12、mages;title page:Hoberman Collection/Universal Images Group/Getty Images;page 3:Ian G Dagnall/Alamy Stock Photo;page 4:uhg1234/iStock/Thinkstock;pages 5,13:Doug Hall/REX/Shutterstock;page 7:DEA Picture Library/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 8:Jason Hawkes/Stone/Getty Images;page 9:Marco Cristofori/Al
13、amy Stock Photo;page 11:Matt Dunham/AP Images;page 12:Pre Britannia,Stonehenge,stages of building of megalithic monument,Illustration/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images;page 14:Wessex Archaeology;page 15:Matt Cardy/Stringer/Getty Images News/Getty Images;page 17(top):Geoff Caddick/Stringer
14、/AFP/Getty Images;page 17(bottom):English Heritage/Mary Evans/The Image Works;page 18(top):Chris Ison/EMPPL PA Wire/AP Images;page 18(bottom):David Gee/Alamy Stock Photo;page 19:Edmund Ngele/mauritius images/age fotostockCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA193Stonehenge Level
15、 Z1Table of ContentsA Monument from Before Written History .4Stone Age Site .6A Landscape of Monuments .9A Project of 1,500 Years .10Pondering the Purpose of Stonehenge .15Stonehenge Today .17The Story of Stonehenge Continues .19Glossary .2018Researchers continue to investigate Stonehenge and the su
16、rrounding area.Today,they use the latest technology to help them map what is hidden beneath their feet.This equipment includes magnetometers that detect magnetic fields,laser scanners that measure potential archaeological sites precisely,and ground-penetrating radar that can scan as deep as 9 meters
17、(29.5 ft.)underground.Tourists can visit Stonehenges visitor center and interact with its exhibits.Replicas of Neolithic houses have been created using authentic materials and techniques,such as roof thatching,based on archaeological finds in the area.Volunteers demonstrate ancient rope weaving,pott
18、ery making,and grain grinding.More than nine hundred thousand people visit Stonehenge a year,including two children who try to pull a sarsen stone(left).Visitors go inside reconstructed Neolithic huts like those in which the builders of Stonehenge might have lived(right).4A Monument from Before Writ
19、ten HistoryThousands of years ago,a community of people went to great effort to raise a ring of massive stones in southern England.Today,this monument is known as Stonehenge.As the centuries have passed,many of these huge megaliths have fallen over.Still,it has remained a place of fascination long a
20、fter people forgot its original purpose.About nine hundred years ago,an English historian,Geoffrey of Monmouth,tried to explain the mysterious monument.He told a fanciful story about Merlin,the mythical wizard of the King Arthur legends.He wrote that Merlin advised another king to create a memorial
21、that would stand forever.The result was Stonehenge.Monmouth claimed it was built with the aid of Merlins magic about sixteen hundred years ago.Stonehenge is one of the most popular prehistoric sites in the world.17Stonehenge Level Z1Stonehenge TodayStonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric la
22、ndmarks in Europe.The Stonehenge the public sees today is not what people saw in 1900.By then,most of the giant stones had tilted or toppled.But in the last century,heritage groups have restored parts of the monument based on archaeological evidence.In 1958,cranes were used to lift some of the stone
23、s,and some of the standing stones were anchored in concrete.The restorers believed these restorations would give the public a better idea of the monuments original appearance.The sun rises,shining through the stones of Stonehenge on June 21,2014,the longest day of the year.Observers watch as the lar
24、gest crane in England is used to place a lintel across two of Stonehenges standing stones in 1958.5Caption tk tkStonehenge Level Z1For hundreds of years,archaeologists,historians,and scientists have been investigating Stonehenge,seeking scientific explanations instead of supernatural ones.Archaeolog
25、ists have excavated the site for clues about its history,builders,and purpose.What researchers have learned is just as remarkable as any legend of kings,wizards,and magic.Scholars once believed Stonehenge was approximately two thousand years old,but they were stunned when research revealed its build
26、ers had begun work on it three thousand years before that.This was during the Neolithic period(10,0002500 bc),a time before the people in Britain had developed metalworking or even invented the wheel.Archaeologists investigate the origin of the bluestones,a rare type of stone used at Stonehenge.16An
27、other popular theory about Stonehenge involves astronomy,since some of the giant stones align with the movements of the sun.This is particularly apparent during the summer and winter solstices.The summer solstice,on about June 21 each year,marks the longest day of the year.At dawn that morning,the s
28、uns rays reach directly to the monuments center.The winter solstice,which occurs about December 22,marks the shortest day of the year.At sunset,the sun shines directly between the largest pair of sarsen stones.In a sense,the arrangement of the monuments stones functions like a giant clock marking th
29、e passing of the seasons.For a farming culture,this was vital information for planning when to plant crops.In recent years,another theory has emerged about the purpose of Stonehenge.Some experts believe it might have been a huge community project to unite people in the area.Evidence suggests that tr
30、ibes from far and wide journeyed to Stonehenge and many settled there permanently.Perhaps they came to trade or band together for protection,or they could have been drawn by an abundance of food in the region.6ATLANTIC OCEANNORTH SEAIRELANDNORTHERN IRELANDSCOTLANDENGLANDWALESDublinLondonEdinburghGla
31、sgowBelfastStonehengeHHHUnited KingdomUnited KingdomAFRICAASIAEUROPEStone Age SiteStonehenge is built of earth and huge rocks.It is not towering like the Washington Monument or enormous like the great pyramids of Egypt.Instead,it owes much of its majesty to the mystery of its ancient origins.As visi
32、tors approach Stonehenge,located on a grassy plain in southern England,its massive standing stones gradually come into view.The monument consists of circles built inside circles.The outer ring is a ditch that surrounds an embankment of raised soil measuring about 110 meters(360 ft.)in diameter.In th
33、e center stands the famous ring of stones,many of which are now missing.15Stonehenge Level Z1Pondering the Purpose of StonehengeAs mysterious as Stonehenge is,clues about its purpose exist in its design.It does not seem to have ever served any practical purpose,like a shelter or market.For this reas
34、on,experts are convinced Stonehenge was an open-air temple,a place people visited for spiritual reasons.Researchers believe its religious and ceremonial purposes changed over the course of its long history.Stonehenge likely began as a burial site.Archaeologists have unearthed as many as 240 burials
35、near the monument,making it the largest Neolithic cemetery in England.Many of the bodies were cremated,and some remains were buried with weapons and jewelry.A Neolithic mans skeleton found at Stonehenge,along with his reconstructed face,are on display at the visitor center near Stonehenge.7Stoneheng
36、e Level Z1Different kinds of stones are used at Stonehenge.The standing sandstone slabs that form the outer ring are called sarsen stones,the largest of which weighs about 36,000 kilograms(79,366 lb.).Stone lintels lie across the tops of the standing stones and once connected all of them together.Sm
37、aller boulders called bluestones lie within the sarsen circle.They are made of a type of rock called dolerite,a coarse basalt rock.The largest bluestone weighs about 2,994 kilograms(6,600 lb.).Inside the ring of sarsen stones is another group of standing stones,set in a horseshoe shape.These stones
38、form trilithons,square arches with two standing stones and one lintel lying across.They measure approximately 6.7 meters(22 ft.)across and 9 meters(29.5 ft.)tall.An artist shows what Stonehenge might have looked like when it was complete.14The Amesbury ArcherThe Amesbury ArcherEarrings,rings,pots,an
39、d a knife are some of the many objects found surrounding the Amesbury Archers skeleton.However,recent discoveries indicate that a few migrated from as far away as mainland Europe.The grand scale of Stonehenge suggests different groups banded together and shared their knowledge,skills,and muscle to c
40、reate it.In 2002,archaeologists discovered a skeleton near Amesbury,a town about 3.2 kilometers(2 mi.)from Stonehenge.He died about 4,300 years ago,during the time Stonehenge was still being built.He must have been important because his grave contained gold jewelry,arrowheads,and stone wrist guards
41、commonly worn by archers at that time.By testing chemicals in his teeth,researchers found evidence that he grew up in mainland Europe,near where Germany and Switzerland are today.For some yet unknown reason,this man migrated more than 1,126 kilometers(700 mi.).He died far from his homeland and was b
42、uried with honor.8StonehengeStonehengetrilithonbluestonessarsen stonelintel Today,seventeen sarsen stones mark the curve of the Sarsen Circle,but archaeologists believe there were thirty at one time.The large blocks average 22,680 kilograms(50,000 lb.)more than a school busand stand more than 5 mete
43、rs (16.4 ft.)tall.Free-standing stones,including the Heel Stone and Slaughter Stone,are part of the monument but lie outside of the Sarsen Circle.Some stones may have been dragged off over the last few thousand years,and others likely sank into the ground.Important rituals were likely staged at Ston
44、ehengecrowning rulers,celebrating harvests,or honoring dead ancestors.Some experts believe only high priests or other religious leaders were allowed inside the sacred circle of stones.13Stonehenge Level Z1Who were these master builders who developed such innovative engineering techniques?It is nearl
45、y impossible to know what languages they spoke or which religions they practiced.They did not use writing and left behind few examples of their art.All modern understanding of them must be gleaned from archaeological evidence.Testing of human skeletons and animal bones found near the site offer fasc
46、inating clues about their origins.Some of the people who built Stonehenge seem to have moved there from Wales and other neighboring lands.Archaeologists excavate a quarry in Pembrokeshire,Wales,where Stonehenges bluestones possibly originated.9Stonehenge Level Z1A Landscape of MonumentsStonehenge si
47、ts on Salisbury Plain,an area of rolling hills and grasslands.Evidence suggests people have been living there for more than ten thousand years.During the Neolithic period,Salisbury Plain was wooded and filled with animal life.It was a place of plenty for people who lived as hunter-gatherers.Archaeol
48、ogists have unearthed ancient pits containing flint tools and weapons along with animal bones.Experts speculate these Neolithic people may have considered the area sacred because of the abundance of food.Gradually,beginning around 7500 bc,a culture-shaking change took place.The people inhabiting the
49、 area began slowly shifting from hunting and gathering to farming.Agriculture made it possible to produce food more reliably and feed larger groups of people.Farming also made large social projects possible.With sufficient food supplies,people there could spend less time farming and hunting and had
50、more time to work on monuments like Stonehenge.Sheep graze on the lush grass of Salisbury Plain near Stonehenge.12Raising the standing stones presented a different engineering challenge.One possible method involved digging a pit under the base of each long slab of stone.Then,wooden wedges could have