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1、专题一 阅读理解主题5 人与社会历史、社会与文化专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）题组八题组八Passage 1（2020新高考卷，C，10分）In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party.The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it.Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up.Instead,as many as 800,000 cro
2、wded the roads to the bridge.By the time 250,000 were on the bridge,engineers noticed something terrible:the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry.Worse,it was beginning to sway（晃动）.The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of
3、 thousands of people made their way back to land.A disaster was avoided.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）The story is one of stories in To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure,a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns.Its author,Dr.Henry Petroski,has long been writin
4、g about disasters.In this book,he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia,and the sinking of the Titanic.Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong,in this book Dr.Petroski wide
5、ns his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur.Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied.Or perhaps a design works so well that it专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）is adopted elsewhere again and again,with seemingly har
6、mless improvements,until,suddenly,it does not work at all anymore.Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before,but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.Success is succes
7、s but that is all that it is,Dr.Petroski writes.It is failure that brings improvement.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）1.What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday?()AA.It carried more weight than it could.B.It swayed violently in a strong wind.C.Its roadway was damaged by vehicles.D.Its acc
8、ess was blocked by many people.解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第五句By the time 250,000 were on the bridge,engineers noticed something terrible:the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry可知，当25万人在大桥上时，由于承载过重，桥面开始变平。据此可知，在金门大桥五十岁生日时，它承载的重量超过了它能承受的重量。专题一专题一 阅读理
9、解阅读理解题组八题组八（）【干扰项分析】根据第一段第六句Worse,it was beginning to sway（晃动）可知，大桥的晃动不是因为大风，故B项错误；根据第五句中的By the time 250,000 were on the bridge可知，是25万人在大桥上，而不是车辆，故C项错误；D项文中没有提及。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）2.Which of the following is Dr.Petroskis idea according to paragraph 3?()CA.No design is well received everywhere.B
10、.Construction is more important than design.C.Not all disasters are caused by engineering design.D.Improvements on engineering works are necessary.解析 细节理解题。通读第三段可知，Dr.Petroski考虑到了工程事故背后更多的原因，比如使用劣质材料；据此可知，并不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的，故C项正确。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）3.What does the last paragraph suggest?()AA.Fai
11、lure can lead to progress.B.Success results in overconfidence.C.Failure should be avoided.D.Success comes from joint efforts.解析 推理判断题。根据尾段中的It is failure that brings improvement可知，失败带来了进步。据此可以推知，A项正确。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）4.What is the text?()CA.A news report.B.A short story.C.A book review.D.A res
12、earch article.解析 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章先以金门大桥的事故为例，引出To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure这本书；接着介绍了作者在该书中表述的对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首句The story is one of stories in To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure,a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns为全文的主题句
13、，是对这本书的评价。据此可知，本文属于书评，故C项正确。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）解读：Henry Petroski所著的To Forgive Design:Understanding Failure列举了许多工程失败的案例，包括挑战者号和哥伦比亚号航天飞机的失事、泰坦尼克号的沉没、金门大桥的事故等。书中他分析了工程失败的原因，并指出失败的价值：失败带来了进步。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）【长难句解读】译文：尽管他承认，工程项目会失败是因为想出或设计它们的人只不过犯了错误，但在这本书中，Dr.Petroski延伸了他的观点，考虑了此类失败发生的更广泛的背景
14、。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）Passage 2（2020全国卷，C，8分）With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation（孤独），more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet,for Nick Bright at least,leads straight to his mother-in-law:she lives on the ground floor,whil
15、e he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.They share a front door and a washing machine,but Rita Whitehead
16、has her own kitchen,bathroom,bedroom and living room on the ground floor.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.And what does Nick thin
17、k?From my standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him,but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time.Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations li
18、ving together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common.Some people live with their elderly parents;many more adult children are returning to the family home,if they ever left.It is said that about 20%of 25-34
19、-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16%in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted.In India,particularly outside ci
20、ties,young women are expected to move in with their husbands family when they get married.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）1.Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?()BA.Nick.B.Rita.C.Kathryn.D.The daughters.解析 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Nick的岳母住在the ground floor，他和妻女一起住在楼上。第四段提到了Nick岳母的名字是Rita，
21、且再根据第三段最后一句中的but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom,bedroom and living room on the ground floor可知，一楼主要由Rita使用，故选B。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）2.What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law?()AA.Positive.B.Carefree.C.Tolerant.D.Unwilling.解析 观点态度题。根据第五段中的From my standpoi
22、nt,it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would可以判断，Nick对于与岳母住在一起持积极的（positive）态度。carefree 无忧无虑的；tolerant 宽容的；unwilling不情愿的。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）3.What is the authors statement about multigenerational family based on?()CA.Family traditions.B.Financial reports.C.Published
23、 statistics.D.Public opinions.解析 推理判断题。根据第六段中的Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013和第七段中的It is said that about 20%of 25-34-year-olds.about 1.8 million可推知，作者在阐述多代同住家庭的情况时依据的是已发布的数据。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理
24、解题组八题组八（）4.What is the text mainly about?()DA.Lifestyles in different countries.B.Conflicts between generations.C.A housing problem in Britain.D.A rising trend of living in the UK.解析 主旨大意题。本文以Rita三代人同住一起为例，介绍了英国多代人同住的这一社会现象，根据研究报告可知这种现象呈上升趋势，尤其是文章首段也提及了这种上升趋势。故D项切题。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组八题组八（）【熟词新义】float 常用义：v.漂浮 本文义：v.提出解读：文章通过讲述Nick一家与岳母共同生活的事例，说明了英国有更多的家庭在选择多代同住的生活方式。