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1、专题一 阅读理解主题5 人与社会历史、社会与文化专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）题组九题组九Passage 1（2020全国卷，D，8分）We are the products of evolution,and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago.As scientists look deeper into our genes（基因），they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.People
2、 in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes.Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation（突变）that helps them digest milk as adults.On Thursday in an article published in Cell,a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or
3、to food,but to the ocean.A group of专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.The Bajau,as these people are known,number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,Malaysia and the Philippines.They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent time
4、s,theyve also built houses on stilts（支柱）in coastal waters.They are simply a stranger to the land,said Rodney C.Jubilado,a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers,spearfishin
5、g or harvesting shellfish.We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,Dr.Jubilado said.I could see them actually walking under the sea.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）In 2015,Melissa Ilardo,then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen,heard abo
6、ut the Bajau.She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,said Dr.Ilardo.She also said there were likely a number of other genes that h
7、elp the Bajau dive.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）1.What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?()BA.Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.B.New knowledge of human evolution.C.Recent findings of human origin.D.Significance of food selection.解析 推理判断题。根据第一段的前两句可知，人类的进化不只发生在数十亿年前，在
8、过去几千年里也一直在进化，下面举的例子就在说明这一点，即人类进化的新知识。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）2.Where do the Bajau build their houses?()DA.In valleys.B.Near rivers.C.On the beach.D.Off the coast.解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent times,theyve also built houses on stilts（支柱）in coastal waters可知，巴瑶族人主
9、要居住在沿海地区，故D项正确。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）3.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?()CA.They could walk on stilts all day.B.They had a superb way of fishing.C.They could stay long underwater.D.They lived on both land and water.解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的We were so amazed that they could stay underwater
10、 much longer than us local islanders可知，令Jubilado惊讶不已的是巴瑶族人可以在水下待更久，故选C。题干中的astonished与本段中的amazed意思相近。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）4.What can be a suitable title for the text?()AA.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at SeaB.Highlanders Survival SkillsC.Basic Methods of Genetic ResearchD.The Worlds Best Divers解析 标题
11、判断题。本文是一篇研究报道，根据第二段的研究结果a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation not to air or to food,but to the ocean可知，本文主要讲述了巴瑶族人为了更好地适应海上的生活，他们的身体结构发生了变化，所以A项适合作本文的标题。解读：研究发现居住在东南亚的巴瑶族人为了更好地生存，进化成了更好的潜水者。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）Passage 2（2019全国卷，C，8分）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Lo
12、uie counter by herself,quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is Bechtels me time.And like more Americans,shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half（53percent）have breakfast alone and
13、nearly half（46 percent）have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent,according to statistics from the report.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）I prefer to go out and be out.Alone,but together,you know?Bechtel said,looking up from her book.Bechtel,who works in downtown We
14、st Palm Beach,has lunch with coworkers sometimes,but like many of us,too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.Today,I just wanted some time to myself,she said.Just two seats over,Andr
15、ew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题
16、组九题组九（）the week,he said.Its a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.Now,we have our smartph
17、ones to keep us company at the table.It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,said Laurie Demeritt,whose company provided the statistics for the report.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?()BA.Food variety.B.Eating habits.C.Table
18、manners.D.Restaurant service.解析 推理判断题。第二段内容中提到，一份新的报告发现，46%的情况下美国人都是独自用餐的。超过半数（53%）的人独自吃早餐，近一半（46%）的人独自吃午餐。有74%的人只在晚餐时间才一起吃饭。由此可见，第二段的统计数据是关于美国人的用餐习惯的。故选B。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?()CA.To meet with her coworkers.B.To catch up with her work.C.To have some t
19、ime on her own.D.To collect data for her report.解析 细节理解题。根据第三段内容，尤其是最后一句中的Today，I just wanted some time to myself可知，Bechtel喜欢独自外出吃饭是因为她想拥有属于自己的时间。故选C。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）3.What do we know about Mazoleny？()DA.He makes videos for the bar.B.Hes fond of the food at the bar.C.He interviews customers a
20、t the bar.D.Hes familiar with the barkeeper.解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）可知，Mazoleny与barkeeper交流时可以直呼其名，由此可见他们之间是熟悉的。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组九题组九（）4.What is the text mainly about?()AA.The trend of having meals alone.B.
21、The importance of self-reflection.C.The stress from working overtime.D.The advantage of wireless technology.解析 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，在美国，随着科学技术的发展，人们用餐时有了选择的自由，更多人喜欢独自一个人吃饭，单独用餐逐渐成为一种趋势。A项切题。由于受到文中的smartphones，the advances in technology等信息的干扰，部分考生易误选D项。注意文章中提到的两个人愿意独自用餐的例子是为了说明单独用餐是一种趋势，并非侧重讲科技发展，因此排除D项。解读：随着技术的进步，单独用餐在美国变得流行起来。