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1、专题一 阅读理解主题5 人与社会历史、社会与文化专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）题组三题组三Passage 1（2022新高考卷，D，10分）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the common m and a to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others?A ground-breaking,five-year study show
2、s that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as f and v,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now
3、a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐），making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touc
4、hing the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure（结构），making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone di
5、dnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age,with the use of f and v increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.T
6、hese sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago.The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the ap
7、pearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does
8、Damin Blasis research focus on?()DA.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.解析 推理判断题。根据第二段中的Now a team of researchers led by Damin Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose可知，Damin Blasi的研究发现了发音趋势发生的过程和原因，由此可知，他的研究集中在语音的发展上。专题一专题一 阅读
9、理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?()CA.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B.They could not open and close their lips easily.C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.解析 细节理解题。根据第三段中的They
10、discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐），making it hard to produce labiodentals可知，古人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，也就是下巴构造导致的，故C项正确。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?()AA.Supporting evidence for the research results.B.Potential application o
11、f the research findings.C.A further explanation of the research methods.D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.解析 段落大意题。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据。故选A项。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?()CA.
12、It is key to effective communication.B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.C.It is a complex and dynamic system.D.It drives the evolution of human beings.解析 推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段可知，Steven Moran认为：自人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物变化和文化进化这样的事物相互作用的产物。由此可推知，他认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。解读：本文介绍了人类语音的演变与
13、人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）Passage 2（2022全国卷乙，D，8分）The Governments sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate，the first official data on the policy has shown.First announced in April，2016，the tax which applies to soft drinks c
14、ontaining more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.It is believed that todays children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）Initially the sugar tax was exp
15、ected to make 520m a year for the Treasury.However，data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate 240m for the year ending in April 2019，which will go to school sports.It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have
16、had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers efforts to avoid the charge，according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for ever
17、y litre of sugary drink they produce or import，depending on the sugar content.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）However，some high sugar brands，like Classic Coca Cola，have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices，milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks a
18、re free of the tax，as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.Todays figures，according to one government official，show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next genera
19、tion to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）1.Why was the sugar tax introduced?()CA.To collect money for schools.B.To improve the quality of drinks.C.To protect childrens health.D.To encourage research in education.解析
20、 细节理解题。根据第二段中的First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml，was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）可知，征收糖税是为了降低孩子的肥胖率，即为了保护孩子的健康。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）2.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?()DA.They turne
21、d to overseas markets.B.They raised the prices of their products.C.They cut down on their production.D.They reduced their products sugar content.解析 细节理解题。根据第四段中的It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying th
22、e tax可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）3.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?()DA.Most alcoholic drinks.B.Milk-based drinks.C.Fruit juices.D.Classic Coke.解析 推理判断题。根据第五段中的However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax可知，可口可乐公司是需要缴税
23、的。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）4.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?()BA.It is a short-sighted decision.B.It is a success story.C.It benefits manufacturers.D.It upsets customers.解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段首句可以推测出,糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）解读：英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学
24、校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。【段意梳理】第一段：从官方的数据来看，糖税带来的收入比预期的数目少一半。第二段：介绍了该税收征收的背景。第三段：财政部预期的年征税额为五亿二千万英镑，而从前6个月的税收数据来看，预期税收收入将不及半数，预计到2019年4月税收收入仅有两亿四千万英镑。第四段：阐述了税收不达预期的原因。第五段：像可口可乐这样生产高含糖量饮料的大公司不在乎这些糖税，且不改变它们的配方。此外，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料免征糖税。第六段：一位政府官员表示此项征税已经显示了它的积极意义。专题一专题一 阅读理解阅读理解题组三题组三（）【核心词汇】consume v.消耗；吃；喝 initially adv.开始;最初bring in 赚得 for fear of唯恐，以免