《高考英语-阅读理解之语篇知识与主旨类试题题的深层理解策略备战高考英语微专题(全国通用).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语-阅读理解之语篇知识与主旨类试题题的深层理解策略备战高考英语微专题(全国通用).docx（18页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、阅读理解语篇知识与主旨类试题题的深层理解策略【策略学习】文章大意题文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。策略1：主题句法解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。（1）根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句（2）根据行文标志来定位主题句转折词如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。总结词如therefore，thus，in short，co
2、nclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。策略2：高频词法全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。策略3：逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。1. 正确选项特征：涵盖性强，覆盖全文2. 错误选项特征（1）以偏概全，主次不分（2）无中生有，曲解文意【典例】（2
3、020全国卷阅读B）Some parents will buy any hightech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with mathrelated skills.Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago，found children who play with puzzle
4、s between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知）after controlling for differences in parents income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 childparent pairs dur
5、ing everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate（旋转）and tr
6、anslate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higherincome parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently，and both boys and girls
7、who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science
8、.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologist.D. A teaching program.【分析】第一步读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。第二步利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一
9、项科学研究。第三步排除3种错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。段落大意题段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。【典例】（2020全国卷阅读D）The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of sc
10、ientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.32. What is t
11、he first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.【分析】第一步首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recent studies have found positive effects.是本段的主旨，后通过列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。第二步析选项，斟酌判断：A对不同植物的一项新研究。原文中提到对绿色植物的研究，但
12、不是该段的主旨。以偏概全断章取义B犯罪率大幅下降。用犯罪率下降来证明的是绿色植物的好处，故混淆主次。以偏概全断章取义C来自不同工作场所的员工。虽涉及工作场所的员工，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主题。以偏概全生搬硬套D绿色植物的好处。本段主旨就是列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全段第三步比对选项得出答案。标题归纳题标题归纳类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强（不改变原文的意义和感情色彩）；覆盖性强（能概括全文并体现文章的主旨）。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章
13、主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。 利用4大技巧解题关键词法反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词主题句法根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题穿珠连串法分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题逆向法根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项结合3大特点解题排除3种错误选项【典例】（2020浙江7月卷阅读C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might
14、help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Th
15、en，for eight years，the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.Those who had held mentally stimulating（刺激），demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive（认知） function at a much slow
16、er rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status.“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may feel like youre in pain，you may fe
17、el tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at worksure，you will feel tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”Its not just corporate jobs，or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiters job，for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decisionmaking cou
18、ld be just as stimulating as any highlevel office work.And “running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating（协调），”she says.“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots
19、of reasonsincluding other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Retired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsB. Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
20、C. Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpD. Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age【分析】第一步找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age”。第二步根据正误选项特征，斟酌判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；
21、D选项以偏概全；主次不分；选项C“棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。第三步比对选项得出答案。【检测训练】1A number of companies have used the wind, the sun and the ground heat to produce energy. Now, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, or ORPC, is using the force of flowing rivers and ocean currents. The company recently presented the new t
22、echnology at an energy conference. Christopher Sauer, the CEO and cocreator of ORPC says the technology was designed for small, rural communities that do not have easy access to power sources.The ORPC technology is an energy generator which can be put under water, called RivGen. It works in a series
23、 of steps. First, the generator is put in the middle of a steel cage. The cage goes on top of a wide boat with a flat bottom. Wheels or, turbines （涡轮机） are attached to each side of the generator. Once the boat is fixed to one place, it is flooded with water. The boat, cage, and generator all sink to
24、 the bottom of the river. There, the river current turns the wheels and creates as much as 50 kilowatts of power.CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. Other companies are not able to work in shallow water, he adds. Sauer says the tu
25、rbines are safe for the animals that live in the river. Meanwhile, the turbines shape permits the generator to harvest power from tidal currents in the ocean. The companys ocean turbine, called TidGen, can create up to 600 kilowatts of electricity, enough to power a small settlement.Right now, the a
26、mount of power TidGen can harvest changes as the strength of the tide goes up and down. But ORPC workers are trying to make the power output steady. In time, they want TidGen power to be part of the main energy grid （电网）. Sauer estimates ORPC s current price is about 50 cents per kilowatthour. That
27、price does not make the ORPC system competitive with natural gas. However, for small rural communities, diesel （柴油） energy can cost more than $ 1 per hour. In these situations, energy from flowing water could be more economical.1. What does ORPC use to produce electricity?A. Wind.B. Sun.C. Water.D.
28、Ground heat.2. What s paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The working principle of RivGen.B. The design feature of RivGen.C. The system composition of RivGen.D. The main function of RivGen.3. What s the advantage of RivGen?A. It can work in shallow water.B. It can accelerate ocean currents.C. It can power a
29、 large settlement.D. It can increase the number of fish.4. What does the underlined word “economical” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Pollutionfree.B. Moneysaving.C. Massproduction.D. Resourceconsuming.【答案】1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍许多公司利用风能和太阳能产生能源。但是现在有一家公司正在使用流动的河流和洋流的力量发电，作者介绍了利
30、用河流和海浪发电的具体方法，对于偏僻的小村庄来说来自流水的能源可能更经济。1. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句内容“Now, the Ocean Renewable Power Company, or ORPC, is using the force of flowing rivers and ocean currents.（现在，海洋可再生能源公司（ORPC）正在利用流动河流和洋流的力量。）”可知，ORPC公司利用流动的河流的动力产生能量。故选C项。2. 主旨大意题。根据文章第三段第一句“CEO Christopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall,
31、 so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. （该公司首席执行官克里斯托弗绍尔表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。）”以及第三段第四句“Meanwhile, the turbines shape permits the generator to harvest power from tidal currents in the ocean.（与此同时，涡轮机的形状使发电机能够从海洋的潮汐流中获取能量。）”可知，本段介绍了RivGen的工作原理。故选A项。3. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段前两句内容“CEO Chr
32、istopher Sauer says RivGen is not very tall, so it can work in water areas that are not very deep. Other companies are not able to work in shallow water, he adds. Sauer says the turbines are safe for the animals that live in the river.（该公司首席执行官克里斯托弗绍尔表示，RivGen不是很高，所以它可以在不太深的水域工作。他补充说，其他公司无法在浅水地区开展业务
33、。）”可知，它们在水域不是那么深的地方工作，并且这一点是其他公司不能做到的。故选A项。4. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段第三至第五句内容“Sauer estimates ORPCs current price is about 50 cents per kilowatthour. That price does not make the ORPC system competitive with natural gas. However, for small rural communities, diesel （柴油） energy can cost more than $ 1 per hour
34、. （绍尔估计ORPC目前的价格约为每千瓦时50美分。这个价格并不能使ORPC系统与天然气竞争。但是,对于小型农村社区、柴油（柴油）能源成本超过1美元每小时。）”可知，在一些农村地区流水产生的能源相比柴油较低，所以还是比较省钱的。economical为“经济的”。故选B项。2Sirio Persichetti, seventeen years old, can not speak and feed himself. Sirio has spastic tetraplegia, a disease that affects movement in three of a persons four
35、legs and arms. His mouth is permanently open, which prevents him from forming words correctly or swallowing. He is fed liquid nutrition through a tube in his stomach. And he has had a tracheotomy to help him breathe.But he deals with his condition with such a love for life that his mother, Valentina
36、, decided to create a website for him. He made accounts on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter to share his everyday life. He shares heart-warming videos of himself under the title Sirio and the Tetrabonds. The videos have touched the hearts of people all over the world. “I wanted to tell the story of d
37、isability in a different way, tell it for what it is and give people alike hope,” Sirio said.The publics reaction to young Sirio has been huge. Some of his videos have been watched more than130, 000 times. “In a short time, the response, especially from families living in similar situations, was pow
38、erful and exciting so we decided to keep going,” his mother said. Sirios followers respond with a countless number of “likes” and messages of support.Sirio said he wanted to end the stigma - or unfair beliefs that often surrounds disability. I wanted to show that children with special needs can stil
39、l have fun and lead a happy life. Valentina said she never expected her son to become famous on social media. “But we realized that is useful,” she added, “that it helps and is a necessary step to make the life of many people much more normal.”5. What do we know about Sirio from Paragraph 1?A. He wa
40、s born with the disease.B. He is unable to use his arms and legs.C. He relies on liquid nutrition to support life.D. His disease has cost his family a great deal.6. Why did Sirio make accounts on social media?A. To inspire others like him.B. To raise money for his disease.C. To find a possible cure
41、for his disease.D. To escape from his bitter life for the time being.7. Which of the following best describe Sirio?A. Optimistic.B. Ambitious.C. Cooperative.D. Obedient.8. What can be the best title for the text?A. An Unusual Disease Changes a Teenagers LifeB. A Student with Disability Has Taken off
42、 on the InternetC. Those at a Disadvantage Tend to Arouse Peoples SympathyD. A Special Teenager Tries to Change Peoples Ideas about Disabilities【答案】5. C 6. A 7. A 8. D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。本文讲述带有残疾的Sirio Persichetti在网站上分享自己的故事以改变人们对残疾人的看法并激励像他一样的残疾人。5. 细节理解题。根据文章第一自然段第四句话“He is fed liquid nutrition through a
43、 tube in his stomach.（他通过胃里的管子摄入液体营养。）”可知，Sirio Persichetti靠输营养液维持生命。故选C。6. 细节理解题。根据文章第二自然段最后一句话“I wanted to tell the story of disability in a different way, to tell it for what it is and give people alike hope（我想用一种不同的方式来讲述残疾的故事，告诉人们它是什么，给人们同样的希望）”可知，Sirio Persichetti在社交媒体上开通账号分享自己的故事是为了激励和他一样的残疾，给
44、他们希望。故选A。7. 推理判断题。根据第一、二段的内容可知，Sirio Persichetti在面对自己的身体状况时不但没有丝毫的悲观，反而想着通过做一些事去帮助想他一样的人，所以他是一个积极、乐观向上的人。故选A。8. 主旨大意题。身患残疾的17岁少年Sirio Persichetti通过自己的努力改变人们对残疾人的看法从而帮助到像他一样的残疾人。故选项D“A Special Teenager Tries to Change Peoples Ideas about Disabilities （一个特殊的青少年试图改变人们对残疾的看法）”具有最好的概括性和针对性。故选D。3NO ONE EV
45、ER said science education was easy. Certainly the concepts we teach, like conservation of momentum or quantum mechanics, can be hard to grasp. But what really complicates the attempt is that we re also trying to teach a deeper lesson at the same time to help students understand the nature of science
46、 itself.All too often, young people get the impression that science is about learning certain “laws and then applying them to different situations. After all, thats what we make them do on tests, to show that theyve been doing the work. But thats not it at all. Science is the process of building the
47、se concepts through the collection of experimental evidence.And while Im on it, lets call these concepts what they really arenot laws, but models. Science is all about building and testing models. Its difficult to help students understand that aspect of science when we just give them the models to b
48、egin with. Sure, in physics we often include historical or mathematical evidence to support big ideas , but that often isnt enough.Of course, we cant start from nothing. If students had to build their own models from the ground up, it would be like trying to learn programming by inventing computers. As Isaac Newton is supposed to have said, we stand on the shoulders of giants. We must take models built by others and go from there.What Id like to suggest is that this actua