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1、第七章 介 词思维导图知识梳理一、介词的定义介词又叫前置词,一般放在名词的前面.介词是一种虚词,一般不重读,不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,它只是表示它后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句与其他句子成分的关系.二、介词的分类按照词的构成,英语的介词可分为简单介词、合成介词、双重介词、短语介词等.(一)简单介词即由一个词构成的介词.如about, above, across, after, against, among, at, before, behind, below, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, down, during, except
2、, for, from, in, of, off, on, over, past, round, till, to, with等.(二)合成介词即由两个简单介词组合而成的介词.如inside, into, onto, out of, outside, upon, throughout, within, without等.(三)双重介词双重介词指两个介词连着使用,使表达的意思更确切、更明了.如:up to, from behind, from inside, from among, at about等.(四)短语介词由一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类组合成一个短语,作用相当于一个介词,这类
3、短语介词的末尾总是一个简单介词.如:as far as, as early as等.三、介词的用法介词不能单独作为句子成分.它必须用在名词或代词之前组成介词短语,修饰动词、名词或代词,表示时间、地点、空间和其他关系.介词后面的名词、代词或其他成分作介词的宾语.介词与它后面的宾语一起构成介词短语才能在句子中充当某一成分.介词短语在句中主要用作:(一)作主语From Hangzhou to Shanghai is three hours by train.从杭州到上海坐火车要三小时.(二)作宾语的介词A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.一个
4、漂亮女孩从帘子后面出现了.(三)作表语Im in need of your help.我需要你的帮助.(四)作定语I have lost the key to the door of my room.我把房间的钥匙丢了.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难的朋友才是真朋友.(五)作宾语补足语I found him in a hurry.我发现他匆匆忙忙的.(六)作状语Lessons begin at eight.八点开始上课.On the top of the hill we can see how beautiful Beijing is.在山顶上,我
5、们看到了好美的北京城.四、常见介词归类(一)表示时间的介词及介词短语in, at, on, before, after, till, since, for, from.to, until, by, in the middle of, at the beginning of, at the end of, at half past five, at night, in a week, in the morning, in class, at sunrise, in spring/summer/autumn/winter, on Sunday, on Saturday afternoon, on
6、a winter evening, for a long time, for two months, after school, since liberation, before lunch, at the time of, at the age of(二)表示地点的介词及介词短语in. at, into, to, on, beside, before, behind, above, under, outside, inside, up, from, far from, near, across, off, down, among, past, between, out of, around,
7、 in the front of, in the middle of, at the back of, at the foot of, at home, at the gate, at the table, in the sky. on the ground, in a tree, in the south, in the sun, in the bed, on ones way home, by the side of(三)其他各类介词表除去,如besides, but, except等.表比较,如as, like, above, over等.表反对,如against, with等.表原因、
8、目的,如for, from, with等.表结果,如to, with, without等.表手段、方式,如by, in, with等.表所属,如of, with等.表条件,如on, considering, without等.表让步,如despite ,in spite of等.表对于,如at, for, over, to, with等.表关于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等.表根据,如on, according to等.表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等.(四)介词短语有无冠词的意义区
9、别at table在进餐,在桌旁吃饭at the table 在桌旁,在桌子边(beside the table)at desk 在读书或做作业at the desk 在课桌旁(边)at school 在校上学求学at the school 在学校in front of the bus 在公共汽车的前面(不在车上)in the front of the bus 在公共汽车的前部(在车上)at sea 在航海中at the sea 在海边by day 白天by the day按日,论日behind time 误期behind the time 落后于时代in class在上课,在课内in the
10、 class在这个班in bed卧床,在睡觉in the bed 在床上in red穿着红色的衣裳in the red 负债,亏损in hospital 住院(指病人)in the hospital(因事)在医院in office 在办公,执政in the office 在办公室里in secret 秘密,私下in the secret 参与秘密,参与阴谋in place of 代替,而不是in the place of在地方in case of 万一,如果in the case of 就来说,至于of age 成年人of an age 同龄人out of office 离岗our of th
11、e office 离开办公室out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 完全不可能,办不到come out of hospital(病好)出院come out of the hospital(因事)从医院出来come out of prison(刑满)释放come out of the prison(因事)从牢房出来go to school 上学go to the school(因事)去学校go to college 上大学(求学)go to the/a college 去一所学院(办事、上班)go to bed 上床睡觉go to the bed 去床边g
12、o to hospital 去住院go to the hospital(因事)去医院Go to sea 当海员go to the sea 去海滨go to court 起诉go to the court(因事)去法庭go to church 去做礼拜go to the church(因事)去教堂keep house 管理家务keep the house 守在家里take place发生take the place 代替有些介词短语有无冠词,意义区别不大at(the)most至多at(the)first起初、首先all (the)day 整天catch(a)cold 感冒in(the) futu
13、re 将来in(the)memory of 纪念go to(the)office上班,去办公室go to (the)market 赶集,去市场on(a)holiday 在假期(the)day before yesterday 前天(the)most of 大多数with(a)smiling face 面带笑容五、常用介词的用法举例(一)at, in, on 表示时间的用法辨析1.at的用法at表示具体的时间点,时刻,常用于表示钟点及某些词组中.at dawn 在黎明时候at the moment此刻;目前at noon在中午at night 在夜间at midnight在午夜at six oc
14、lock 在6点钟2.in的用法(1)用于表示世纪、年、月、季节、在上午下午晚上白天等.in 1996 在1996in March在三月in spring 在春季in the morning在早晨批注:但在某年某月某日的上午下午晚上则用on.如:on the morning of June lst(2)在阳光下、在灯下、在树荫下、穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in.Dont read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书.in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女(3)in+一段时间,意为“在时间以后”,用于一般将
15、来时.例:They will come back in 10 days.他们将10天以后回来.批注:after+时间段,用于一般过去时.如:He came back after two days.他两天后回来的.3.on的用法(1)用于星期、日期(包括该天的各部分).on Sunday 在星期天on Saturday morning 在星期六早晨(2)指具体的某天.on a cold afternoon在一个寒冷的下午on the first day 在第一天on the night of October lst在10月1日晚上批注:在today, tomorrow, yesterday等之前
16、不用介词.this, that, last, next与时间名词连用作状语时,不用介词.(3)用于公共假日前.on Teachers Day在教师节on Childrens Day在儿童节注意:at, on都可用来表示节假日,但at侧重指“休假的时节”,而不是指具体的哪一天;on侧重指具体的时日,与它连用的短语中多含“Day”.at New Year 在新年期间on New Years Day在元旦那天(二)for, since, from表示时间的区别1.“for+一段时间”意为“已经多长时间了”,强调某动作或状态持续了多长时间,可与过去、现在、将来等多种时态连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词I
17、 have had this book for a long time.我持有这本书很长时间了.2.since意为“自从,自以后”,指从某一时间一直延续至今,后接过去时间点,通常与现在完成时连用The factory has been there since 1989.那家工厂自1989年就在那里了.批注:since还可以用作连词,用来引导一般过去时的时间状语从句.如:Great changes have taken place since he left.自从他离开以后,这里发生了巨大的变化.3.from表示开始的时间,意为“从”,from.to.“从到”,谓语可用过去、现在或将来时态Stu
18、dents go to school from Monday to Friday.学生们周一至周五上学.(三)by, until/till, after, before表示时间的区别1.介词before表示“在之前”,后面一般接时间点He wont come back before five.他不会在五点前回来.2.介词by表示“到时为止,不迟于”常用于将来时和完成时中The work will be finished by Friday.工作将于星期五前完成.How many English words had you learned by last term?你上学期学了多少英语单词?批注
19、:如果by后跟的是过去的时间点,则与过去完成时连用.3.after意为“在后”.后跟时间段时表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,常用于过去时;后跟时间点时,表示将来的某个时间之后Mary got back from the library after two hours.玛丽两个小时以后从图书馆回来了.She will arrive in China after 9:00.她将在9点以后到达中国.4.till/until表示“到为止,直到之时,直至”,在肯定句中要用延续性动词Youd better stay in bed till tomorrow.你最好在床上待到明天.He will wait
20、 for you until/till you come back.他将一直等到你回来.在否定句中,not.until.意为“直到才”,谓语动词用短暂性动词.I didnt go to bed until eleven last night.昨天晚上直到11点钟我才睡觉.批注:否定句中until可换成before.(四)in, at, on表示地点和方位的区别1.in表示地点,意为“在内”,用于内部He put his hands in his pockets.他把手放进口袋.2.on意为“在上面”,用于表面接触,指在一个平面上There was a carpet on the floor.地
21、板上铺着一块地毯.3.at表示“在某地”时,at后接小地方,in后接大地方When did you arrive at the station?你什么时候到车站?He was born in Beijing.他出生在北京.批注:at还有“在旁边”之意.如:at the table在桌子旁边(五)in, on, to表示地点和方位的区别的用法辨析介词用法例句in表示“在某范围内”,两者为包含关系.China is in the east of Asia.中国在亚洲东部.on表示“毗邻,接壤”,两者为并列关系.Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi.广东在广西东边.
22、to表示“在某范围外”,两者为并列关系.Japan is to the east of China.日本在中国东边(隔海相望).(六)above, over, under, below的用法辨析介词用法例句under在正下方,与over相对My new bike is under the tree.我的新自行车在树下.over在正上方,表示一种垂直悬空的上下关系There is a bridge over the river.河上有座桥.below在的下面;低于,与above相对Please dont write below this line.请不要在这条线下写.above“高于”,与物体表
23、面不接触,表示相对高度,不一定是在正上方There is a clock above his bed.他的床上有个钟表.批注:表示“温度在度以上”用above,表示“温度在度以下”用below.(七)across, through, past1.across穿过,横过,即“从一头到另一头,从一边到另一边”,强调从表面穿过She went across the street to go shopping.她穿过马路去购物.2.through“穿过,纵穿”,表示从某一物体空间内通过The sunlight was coming in through the window.阳光透过窗户照了进来.3.
24、past“经过”,表示从某人某物的旁边经过I walked past the Bank of China yesterday.昨天我路过中国银行.批注:(八)among, betweenamong表示“在三者或三者以上之间”;between表示“在两者之间”,常用词组: between.and.Our teacher is sitting among the classmates.我们的老师正坐在同学们中间.I will be back between five and six.我将在5点到6点之间回来. (九)in front of, in the front of的用法辨析in front
25、 of表示“在之前(范围外)”;in the front of表示“在的前部(范围内)”Theres a young lady in front of the bus.公共汽车的前面站着一位年轻女士.(在车外)Theres a young lady in the front of the bus.公共汽车的前部站着一位年轻女士.(在车内)批注:in front of的反义词是behind.(十)by, in, on表交通方式用by时,交通工具前不用任何限定词;用on或in时,交通工具前要用限定词.Tom goes to school by bike.汤姆骑自行车去上学.Mr. Green go
26、es to work by car.格林先生开车去上班.批注:by bike=on a bike by car=in a car(十一)by, in, with表示手段或工具1.with表示“用”一般指有形的工具手段人体器官I often draw pictures with a pencil.我经常用铅笔作画.2.in表示使用某种语言或使用某种材料,语言、材料前不加冠词Can you say it in English?你能用英语说吗?3.by表示用某种方式或手段,在名词前不加冠词,若后接动词,需将动词变为动名词形式This handbag is made by hand.这个包是手工做的.
27、He studies English by listening and reading.他通过听和读来学英语.好题精练一、用适当的介词填空1.All the students went home_ school.2.We mustnt only think_ ourselves.3.He thinks much_ himself but little_ others. How can you have him_ your monitor?4. _ the end of the road youll find the bookstore.5.My sister was born_ July 25
28、,1975.6.There was no hospital in this town_ that time.7.English is widely used_ travellers and business people all over the world.8.The little boy is afraid_ nothing.9.Dont read_ the sun. Its bad_ your eyes.10.Swimming is the best sport_ summer.11.My grandmother began to live a happy life_ 1949.12.M
29、ary looks_ her mother.13.My mother isnt_ home. So I have to look_ my little sister.14.Its a fine day_ a walk.15.When you get_ Shanghai, please write_ me.16. _ 7:00_ the morning we met at the school gate.17. _ the foot of the hill, we had a party and played games.18.I often go shopping_ my mother_ Su
30、nday.19.Thats very kind_ you to help me with my English.20.Listen!Who is knocking_ the door?21.He prefers singing_ dancing.22.He left_ paying his bill.23.1m sorry_ being late on Monday.24.Are you ready_ your breakfast?25.I am interested_ your idea.26.I was afraid_ making him angry.27.They were tired
31、_ waiting.28.I havent heard_ my sister_ a long time.29.Please tell us_ your life in China.30.They go to school every day_ Saturday and Sunday.答案：1.after 2.of 3.of,of,as 4.At 5.on 6.at 7.by 8.of 9.in,for 10.in 11.after 12.like 13.at,after 14.for 15.to,to 16.At,in 17.At 18.with,on 19.of 20.at 21.to 22
32、.without 23.for 24.for 25.in 26.of 27.of 28.from,for 29.about 30.except二、补全对话1.A dog is_ (在树下)2.Dont read_ (在阳光下)3.Are there any cows_(在房屋后面)?4.Are there any cows_ (在房屋前面)?5.He waited for you at home_(直到12点为止)6.One day two young men were going_(穿过森林).7.They went on working_(直到11点钟)8.There are many t
33、rees_(沿街).9.Ill be back_(4点钟之后)10. _(在暑假期间),he had a good time.答案：1.under the tree2.in the sun3.behind the house4.in front of the house5.till/until twelve oclock6.through the forest7.till/until eleven oclock8.along the street9.after four oclock10.During the summer holidays三、选择填空1.The children like t
34、o swim_ summer.A. onB. inC. atD. to2.There was a big smile_ her face.A. onB. overC. inD. under3.Taiwan is_ the southeast of China.A. inB. toC. onD. at4.I remember Susan left_ a very cold morning of January.A .inB. onC. atD. from5.We usually have sports_ school.A .behindB afterC. onD. over6.What do y
35、ou usually have_ breakfast?A. ofB. forC. byD. at7.Wei Fang always goes to bed_ half past ten in the evening.A. atB. inC. onD. to8.I usually have breakfast_ 7:00 every morning.A. inB. atC. onD. to9.The mother with her little son was at my home_ that snowy night.A. inB. atC. onD. for10John lives_ the
36、fifteenth floor.A. inB. atC. onD. of11. _ the age of twelve, Edison began selling newspapers on a train.A. OnB. AtC. InD. To12.It is not good to laugh_ people when they are_ trouble.A. at; inB. over; inC. with; onD. of; in13.They looked at each other_ surprise.A. withB. inC. onD. to15.What row are y
37、ou_?A. atB. onC. inD. to16.He put his hand_ her mouth to stop her screaming.A. onB. inC. aboveD. over17.Autumn comes_ summer.A. beforeB. afterC. in front ofD. behind18.Last Friday Li Ping borrowed some books_ the school library.A. fromB. forC. ofD. to19.We have not heard from him_ February.A. forB.
38、inC. onD. since20.What stopped you_ coming?A. forB. ofC. fromD. to21.Well take part_ the English party this evening.A. inB. ofC. onD. to22.The little boy was waiting_ his parents at the gate.A. ofB. forC .toD. at23.There are lot of flowers and grass_ the building.A. in frontB. at backC. in front ofD. in the front24.I am_ duty this week.A. inB. atC. onD. for25.Its going to rain. Youd better take the raincoat_ you.A. atB .toC. byD. with答案：1-5BAABB 6-10BABCC 11-15BABCC16-20DBADC 21-25 ABCCD