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1、第五章 形容词思维导图知识梳理一、形容词的定义形容词是用来描述或修饰名词的词,表示人或事物的性质和特征,一般放在所修饰名词之前;若修饰不定代词则放其后.二、形容词的构成和特征形容词通常具有自己独特的后缀形式,多数形容词以下列后缀结尾.后缀例词-able, - iblevaluable有价值的 comfortable 舒服的 terrible糟糕的-al, -icalnational国家的 natural自然地 medical医学的-antpleasant 令人愉快的 important重要的 assistant辅助的-arynecessary必要的 ordinary普通的 secondary次
2、要的-fulbeautiful漂亮的 wonderful精彩的 carefu1l细心的-lessuseless无用的 careless粗心的 helpless无助的-lylovely可爱的 friendly友好的 lively活泼的-ous,-iousdangerous危险的 delicious美味的 serious严肃的-somehandsome英俊的 tiresome烦人的 troublesome令人烦恼的-yrainy多雨的 sunny阳光充足的 snowy多雪的三、形容词的分类根据其构成形式,形容词可以分为简单形容词和合成形容词两类:分类构成例词简单形容词adj.-合成形容词num.+
3、“”n.A two-week visit to Pakistan一次对巴基斯坦为期两周的访问num.adj.+“”n.+edA three-legged desk三条腿的桌子A kind-hearted man一位好心的男子adj.+“”v.-ingAn easy-going man一位随和的男子n.+“”v.-edA man-made wonder一个人造奇观adv.+“”v.-edA well-known pianist一位著名的钢琴家四、形容词的句法功能(一)作定语Its a beautiful present.这是一件漂亮的礼物.少数形容词,如little, live(活的),elde
4、r, eldest等只能作定语,不能作表语.(二)作表语The film is very interesting.这部电影很有趣.You look young for your age.你看起来比实际年纪要年轻.点拨有些形容词在句中只能用作表语.如:alive活的,awake醒着的,asleep睡着的,afraid害怕的,alike相似的,alone单独的,alight燃着的,点燃的,ashamed对感到羞耻的、惭愧的,drunk喝醉的,m生病的,sorry难过的,后悔的,unable不能的,worth值得的,well安好的,glad高兴的,sure确信的.(三)作宾语补足语I find it
5、 pleasant to work with him.我发现与他共事很愉快.We should keep our hands dean.我们应该保持手的干净.(四)作主语补足语The house was found empty.房子发现是空的.(五)作独立成分Strange to say, he won the first in the race.说也奇怪,他在比赛中竟得了第一名.点拨有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或东西,这时它接近一个名词,叫做名词化的形容词,它们可充当名词所能充当的主语、宾语等句子成分.这类形容词有blind, deaf, sick, poor, rich, old
6、, young, new, wounded等.(1)泛指一类人,表示复数概念,作主语时谓语动词要用复数形式(2)指抽象事物,作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式The good are happy.善者长乐.(作主语)We should respect the old and love the young.我们应该尊老爱幼.(作宾语)The true is to be distinguished from the false.真伪要辨明.类似的还有:the beautiful美的东西,the good好的东西,the new新的东西,the ordinary普普通通的东西,the unusual 不寻
7、常的东西.五、形容词的位置(一)作定语用的形容词1.作定语用的形容词通常位于所修饰的名词的前面He went a long way.他走了很远.There are many trees in the park.公园里有许多树.点拨形容词的排列顺序有几个形容词修饰一个名词时,它们的排列顺序一般为:限定词(包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等)数词描绘形容词(短词在前,长词在后)表示特征的形容词(包括大小、长度、形状、年龄、新旧等)表示颜色的形容词表示类属的形容词(包括国籍、专有形容词和表示材料质地的形容词)名词定语(包括动名词)被修饰的名词,如:Jane wore a pretty purp
8、le silk dress.珍妮穿着一件漂亮的紫色真丝衣服.a useful big green plastic box 一个实用的大绿色塑料盒子2.但在下列情况下,形容词却放在它所修饰的名词之后(1)当被修饰的词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, somebody等词时,形容词作定语要后置.There is nothing wrong with him.他没有错.Is there anything new in that book?那本书里有什么新东西吗?(2)形容词短语作定语时,要放在所修饰的名词的后面.这些形容词短语多由“形容词介词(或不定式)”构成.I
9、ts a problem difficult to solve.这是一个难以解决的问题.I think he is a man suitable for the job.我认为他是适合做这项工作的人.(3)当形容词由数词修饰时,形容词要放在所修饰的名词的后面.常见的这种形容词有:long, high, tall, wide, deep, old, young等.This is a river two hundred miles long.这是一条200英里长的河流.It is a bridge eight metres wide.那是一座8米宽的桥梁.(4)enough作形容词修饰名词时,既可
10、后置,也可放在名词的前面.We have enough time/time enough to do the work.我们有足够的时间做这项工作.We havent got enough money/money enough for that kind of thing.我们没有足够的钱去买那类东西.(5)带后缀-able和-ible的形容词和all, every, only或形容词最高级连用,放在所修饰的名词后面.I think Tom is the best person available.我认为汤姆是现有的最好人选.This is the only solution possible
11、.这是唯一可行的解决方法.(二)作表语用的形容词作表语用的形容词通常放在连系动词:be, become, get, look, turn, keep, seem, grow, fall等词的后面.Generally speaking, it is cold in the north; it is warm in the south.一般来说,北方天气冷,南方天气暖和.The two brothers look quite alike.这兄弟俩长得很相像.六、形容词比较级和最高级的构成形容词可以靠改变形式来表示程度的不同.我们把这种变化形式叫做比较等级.要比较两个或两个以上的人或物时,就必须用形
12、容词的比较级和最高级.形容词有三个级:原级,比较级和最高级.(一)规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er读/,-est读/st/talllongclevertaller/t:l/longer/lg/cleverer/klevr/tallest/t:lst/longest/lgst/cleverest/klevrst/以字母e结尾加-r或-stnicefinelatenicer/nas/finer/fan/later/let/nicest/nasst/finest/fanst/latest/letst/重读闭音节词末只有一个辅音字母应先双写这个辅音字母再加-er
13、, -est.bigthinhotbigger/big/thinner/n/hotter/ht/biggest/bgst/thinnest/nst/hottest/htst/以辅音字母结尾的双音节词改“y”为i,再加-er或-esteasyearlyhappyeasier/i:z/earlier/l/happier/hp/easiest/i:zist/earliest/list/happiest/hpist/多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdeliciousbeautifulpopularcarefulmore deliciousmore beautifulmore popul
14、armore carefulmost deliciousmost beautifulmost popularmost careful(二)不规则变化有少数形容词的比较级和最高级形式变化是不规则的,如下表:原级比较级最高级good好的/well健康的better较好的best最好的bad坏的/ill病的worse较坏的worst最坏的many许多/much许多more较多的most最多的little小的;少的less较小的;较少的least最小的;最少的far远的farther更远的further更进一步farthest最远的furthest最远的;最大程度的old老的;旧的older较老的;较
15、旧的elder较年长的oldest最老的;最旧的eldest最年长的点拨(1)少数单音节词既可加后缀-er,-est,又可用more, most构成比较级和最高级.如:calm, free, fit, fond, huge, true, pale等.(2)下面的形容词既可把y改为i,再加er,-est,又可以用more, most构成比较级和最高级.如:angry, cloudy, lucky, rainy, sleepy, sunny, unhappy, uneasy, windy, worthy等.七、形容词原级、比较级、最高级的用法(一)原级的用法1.表示双方程度相等,用“as形容词原级
16、as结构,意思是“和.一样”.基本句型:主语谓语(系动词)as+形容词原级as+比较对象Mike is as tall as Tom.迈克和汤姆一样高.He is as busy as before.他还是和以前一样忙.2.表示“不如”或“不相等”用“not+ as/so+形容词原级as+比较对象”Jack is not so tall as his grandpa.杰克不及爷爷高.Li Lei is not as good at maths as Li Ping.李磊不如李平数学学得好.点拨表示倍数,如“一半两倍三倍四倍”等用“half/twice/three/four/.times+ as
17、.as.”结构.I study twice as hard as you.我学习比你努力一倍.We got three times as many people as we expected.来人的数目是我们预期的三倍.(二)比较级的用法1.表示两个人或事物进行比较时,用比较级基本句型:主语谓语(系动词)形容词比较级than比较对象He is taller than his father.他比他父亲高.Our classroom is larger than yours.我们的教室比你们的大.2.形容词的比较级前可用 much, far, a lot ,still, no, a little,
18、 even, any, a great deal等状语来修饰This is even harder than steel.这个东西甚至比铁还硬.Ive made a lot more mistakes than you (have).我犯的错误比你犯的多多了.3.可用“比较级and+比较级”结构(两个同义形容词比较级,后面不接than从句),表示“越来越”的意思She became more and more interested in music.她对音乐越来越感兴趣了.When summer comes, the days get longer and longer.夏季到来后,白天越来越
19、长.4.用“the+比较级,the+比较级”,表示“越,(就)越.”The more careful you are, the less mistakes you will make.你越仔细,出错越少.The more exercises you do, the healthier you will become.你越多锻炼,就越健康.点拨如要表示“主语比他或他所在单位的其他人、物都”,要用“than any other.”,以便把自己排除在外.这个房间比房子里别的房间都大.误:This room is larger than any room in the house.正:This roo
20、m is larger than any other room in the house. 5.more/less than表示“不仅,不止,多过不到,少于”的意思Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不仅仅是睡眠.点拨“not+形容词比较级than”和“no+形容词比较级than”的区别.试比较:He is not older than 20.他还不到20岁.(言其小)He is no older than 20.他过不了20岁.(也许20岁,也许不到)6.英语里的比较级有时并无具体的含义,这种比较级叫绝对比较级younger generation年轻一代 hig
21、her education 高等教育senior citizens 老年人 superior quality 优质(三)最高级的用法1.表示三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较,其中一个在某方面超过其他几个时,用最高级.最高级前一般要加定冠词the,后面跟带of或in表范围的短语He is the tallest in the class.他是全班中最高的.This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最好的一部电影.2.one of the+最高级,表示“是最之一”Shanghai is one of the most beautiful c
22、ities in China.上海是中国最美丽的城市之一.Our city is one of the safest cities in the world.我们城市是世界上最安全的城市之一.3.“most+复数名词”“most of the+复数名词”或”most of+代词”,表示“大多数,大部分的”Most of the boys are good.大多数的男孩是好样的.Most of them(his books) were written here.他的大部分书是在这儿写的.4.形容词的最高级前可以有by far, next, second, third, nearly等修饰语Can
23、ada is the second largest country in the world.加拿大是世界上面积第二大的国家.点拨(1)形容词最高级前一般都用定冠词,但当形容词最高级前有物主代词时,则不用定冠词.Today is my happiest day.今天是我最高兴的一天.Give my best regards to your family.请代我向你们全家问好.(2)most有时与形容词连用,前面用不定冠词或不用冠词,意为“非常,很,极其”,用来加强语气.这时它不表示最高级的概念.He is a most friendly fellow,他是个极友好的人.八、没有比较等级的形容词
24、有相当数量的形容词是没有比较等级的,只能用原级来表示.主要分为以下几类:(一)以ly结尾的形容词daily(每天的)weekly(每周的)monthly(每月的)yearly(每年的)brotherly(兄弟般的)sisterly(姐妹般的)(二)表示事物性质、材料的成分的形容词wooden(木制的)silken(丝制的)electric(电力的)industrial(工业的)(三)表示时间的形容词present(当今的)past(过去的)future(将来的)then(当时的)once(从前的)previous(以前的)(四)与几何形状相关的形容词vertical(垂直的)round(圆的)
25、cubic(立方形的)triangular(三角形的)(五)表示国籍的形容词Chinese(中国的)American(美国的)Japanese(日本的)Korean(朝鲜的)(六)表示方位的形容词east(东面的)west(西面的)middle(中间的)right(右边的)left(左边的)southern(南方的)northern(北方的)(七)表示某种绝对状态的形容词dead(死的)deaf(聋的)blind(瞎的)dumb(哑的)(八)表示“终极”意义的形容词absolute(绝对的)entire(完全的)whole(全部的)thorough(彻底的)complete(完全的)total
26、(整个的)(九)表示顺序和独一概念的形容词first(第一的)last(最后的)next(下一个的)following(以下的)only(唯一的)unique(独一的)matchless(举世无双的)unprecedented(史无前例的)(十)一些仅用作表语的形容词afraid(害怕的)ashamed(惭愧的)asleep(睡着的)alive(活着的)awake(醒着的)(十一)部分表示数量及不定量含义的形容词twins(双胞胎的)duplicate(双重的)quadruple(四倍的)some(一些)several(几个的)certain(某一的)九、部分形容词的用法比较(一)alone与
27、lonely其区别:alone指“独自一人”或“只有”,而lonely则强调孤单的感觉,指人时,意为“孤独”,指地方时,意为“荒凉的”“无人居住的”.试比较:He likes living alone by himself.他喜欢独自一人居住.Though he was alone in the island, he didnt feel lonely.虽然他独自一人在岛上,但他并不觉得寂寞.(二)all和whole二词都可译为“整个的”“全部的”,其区别:1.修饰单数可数名词或抽象名词时,它们可以互换,但词序不同:all放在the, this, that, my, your等词之前,whol
28、e则放在之后She has worked all the afternoon.=She has worked the whole afternoon.她工作了整个下午.All our family went there.=Our whole family went there.我们全家都去那儿了.2.修饰复数可数名词时,all的意义是“所有的”,whole的意义是“整整的”,不可互换All students will go there for a meeting.所有的学生都将去那儿开会.(三)black和dark都可作形容词,也可作名词其区别:black的意思是“黑色(的)”,指颜色,其反义
29、词是white;而dark的意思是“暗、天黑、黑暗”,指无光.All the windows have been painted black.所有的窗户已经漆成黑色.(四)beautiful, pretty和handsome都可译为“美”其区别:beautiful指华而美,不用于男子.pretty 可爱而美,多用于女孩、孩子.handsome指外表英俊的样子,主要用于男子.(五)broad和wide常可互换但是,形容肩、背、胸等的宽阔须用broad;形容口、眼睛的大须用wide.(六)big和large的区别这两个词都是“大”的意思,在许多情况下它们可以互相换用.一般地说,large的“大”,
30、着重在面积、范围上面.big用得比较广泛,除了指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”外,还可以表示“巨大”“伟大”“重要”的意思.He had a large family to support.他要养活一个人口众多的家庭.There is a big tree in front of his house.他家门前有一棵大树.(七)childish和childlike的区别1.childish一般用于贬义,意思是“幼稚的”“傻气的”,指成年人缺乏控制力和约束力,而且可能有任性、不理智、不耐心和只顾自己之意,人们很少用它来形容孩子I think she is childish.我认为她很幼稚.2.ch
31、ildlike用于褒义,意思是“孩子般天真的”.它也指成年人具有孩子般的稚嫩和诚实,也有天真无邪、无拘无束、热情或殷切之意(八)either, both, neither都含有“两者”的意思either表示“两者中的任何一个”,是单数意思,它后面跟单数名词,作主语时,谓语动单数形式.both表示“两者都”,是复数意思,它后面跟复数名词,作主语时,谓语动词用形式.neither表示“两者中的任何一者都不”,是否定含义,它后面跟单数名词,谓语动词数形式.试比较:Either book is interesting.这两本书(中的任何一本)都很有趣.Both books are interestin
32、g.这两本书都很有趣.Neither book is interesting.这两本书(中的任何一本)都没趣.(九)few和little二词都可表示具有否定意义的“很少”“几乎没有”,其区别:few用于可数名词前,反是many; little用于不可数名词前,反义词是much.同样,具有肯定意义的词组a few用来可数名词;a little用来修饰不可数名词.试比较:A few students came to the meeting.有几个学生参加了会议.There is little water in the glass.杯子里几乎没水了.(十)high和tall二词均可表示“高”,其区别
33、:high通常用于物之高,而tall常用于指人的个子及细长building和pole用high或tall都可以.(十一)sleepy和asleep1.sleepy的意思是“想睡的,困乏的,寂静的”,我们可以说:a sleepy valley(寂静谷),它既可当定语,又可当表语I am so sleepy that I can hardly keep my eyes open.我很困,眼睛几乎都睁不开.2.asleep是“睡觉的,睡熟的”意思,它只能作表语The minute my head touched the pillow I fell asleep.我头一碰枕头就睡着了.好题精练一、写出
34、下列形容词的比较级和最高级1.clean_ _2.nice_ _3.early_ _4.far_ _5.careful_ _6.low_ _7.cheap_ _8.cool_ _9.thin_ _10.good_ _答案：1.cleaner,cleanest 2.nicer,nicest3.earlier,earliest 4.farther/further, farthest/furthest5.more careful, most careful 6.lower,lowest7.cheaper,cheapest 8.cooler,coolest9.thinner,thinnest 10.b
35、etter,best二、用括号内所给词的适当形式填空1.Tom was so_ (angry) that he said nothing.2.In summer its_ (hot) in Wuhan than in Beijing.3.Which is_ (difficult),physics or biology? 4.This book is_ (interesting) than the other two. It is_ (interesting) of the three.5.Its becoming_ (hard) to find a job in China.6.Tom has
36、 only one brother, and his_ (old)brother is three years. _ (old) than me. My_ (young) brother is about two years_ (young) than me. But he is the_ (strong) among us.7.Can you show me_ (near)shop here?8.This bridge is as_ (long) as that one ,but it is much_ (wide) than that one.9.My bag seemed to get.
37、 _ (heavy) as I carried it.10.I think English is one of_ (important) subjects in middle school.11.Tom is_ (young) child in his family. His parents love him best.12.This part is of the_ (little) importance of all.答案：1.angry 2.hotter 3.more difficult4.more interesting, the most interesting5.harder and
38、 harder6.elder,older,younger,younger,strongest 7.the nearest 8.long,wider9.heavier and heavier 10.the most important 11.the youngest 12.least三、选择填空1.Hes much_ today, but she is even_.A. well; worseB. well; betterC. better; illD. better; worse2.I dont think she is_ you.A. so old asB. as old soC. as o
39、ld thanD. better3.Each of us was too tired to go any_.A. farB. farerC. much fartherD. farther4.Which do you like_, fish, meat or chicken?A. wellB. betterC. bestD. most5.The Huanghe River is the second_ river in China.A. longB. longerC. longestD. the longest6.I have_ money than him, but I am_ than hi
40、m.A. less; happierB. fewer; happier C. more; richerD. much; richer7.We have_ rain this year than last year.A. plentyB. muchC .manyD. more8.Everybody knows Mount Qomolangma is the_ mountain in the world.A. higherB. highestC. tallD. tallest9.Sound travels_ than light.A. more much slowlyB. much more sl
41、owlyD. more slowerC. much slowly10.The_ he is, the_ he feels.A. busier; happier B .busiest; happiestC. busier; happiestD. busiest; happier11.What a_ watch it is!A. most beautifulB. more beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful12.Toms picture is_ than mine, but not_ my sisters.A. well; betterB. bet
42、ter; as well asC. better; betterD. better; as good as13.Li Ping never makes his mother_.A. angryB. angrierC. angriestD. the angriest14.Autumn is the_ season in Beijing.A. goodB. wellC. betterD. best15.Mike is as_ as a horse.A. angryB. strongC.illD. big16.I hope youre well. You look much_ than before
43、.A .thinB. thinnerC. thinnestD. the thinnest17.The boy is_ to work out the problem quickly.A. clever enough B. enough clever C .too cleverD .so clever18.When spring comes, days are getting_.A. long and longB. longer and longerC. longest and longestD .the longest and longest19.This reading-room is not_.A. big very muchB. enough a bigC. a big enoughD. big enough20.Jim was just falling_ when I came into his room quietly.A. asleepB. sleepC. sleptD.bed答案：1-5DAD