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1、第二章 代词思维导图一、代词的定义代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的, 它的主要作用是在句子中避免名词的重复。因此, 代词的使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、数、性、格上一致。二、代词的分类在初中英语中常见的代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词和不定代词等。(一) 人称代词1. 人称代词的分类人称代词是指人的代词, 表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”或“他们”等。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I我me我we我们us我们第二人称you你you你you你们you你们第三人称he他him他they他们them他们she她her
2、她they她们them她们it它it它they它们them它们2. 人称代词的句法功能(1) 主格人称代词在句中作主语。She is as intelligent as he(is).她像他一样聪明。(2) 宾格人称代词在句中作动词宾语或介词宾语。We often go to see her on Saturdays.我们常在星期六去看她。It is a waste of time your talking to him.跟他谈话是白白浪费时间。(3) 人称代词作表语时一般用宾格, 但在比较正式的场合用主格。Who is it?谁呀?Its me.是我。(非正式)It is I.是我。(正式)
3、(4) 人称代词用于as和than之后, 如果as和than用作介词, 往往用宾格; 如果as和than用作连词, 则往往用主格。She reads faster than he.她读得比他快些。I am a good student as him.我和他一样是个好学生。(5) we, you, they有时可用来泛指一般人。We/You should keep calm even when we/you are in danger.即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静。They say there is going to be trouble.人们说要有麻烦了。点拨有时在叙述故事时常把动物人格化, 可
4、爱、美丽的动物用she来表示, 凶猛的动物用he或it表示。表示船只、祖国、大地、月亮等时常用代词she。如:I have a lovely cat. She is my favourite.我有一只可爱的猫。她是我的宠物。China is my motherland. She is getting more and more powerful.我们的祖国是中国。她正变得越来越强大。The moon usually shines brightly on the night of the Mid-autumn Day. She looks like a round silvery plate.通
5、常中秋节之夜月光明亮。她看上去酷似一个银色的圆盘。 (6) it的用法. 用来指代上文提到过的事物.What do you think of the movie?你觉得这部电影怎么样?Great! I like it very much.棒极了！我非常喜欢它。 用来指代时间、地点、距离、天气、温度等。Its eight oclock now.(指时间)现在是8点钟。 用来指代婴儿或不明确的人.The baby is crying. It might be hungry.宝宝在哭, 它可能饿了。 作形式主语或形式宾语Did you find it very interesting to play
6、 football?你有没有发现踢足球很有趣?3. 人称代词的排列顺序几个人称代词同时作主语时, 排列次序一般为: you and I; you and he (she); you, she (he) and I; we and you; we and they; we, you and they。You, he and I should help each other.我、你、他应该互相帮助。She and I are of the same age.我和她同岁。但在承认错误时, I放在其他人前面表示勇于承认错误。I and my brother made the mistake.我和兄弟犯
7、了这个错误。(二) 物主代词1. 物主代词的分类表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词, 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称mymine第二人称youryours第三人称hishisherhersitsits复数第一人称ourours第二人称youryours第三人称theirtheirs2. 形容词性物主代词的用法(1) 形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特征, 在句中用作定语, 后面接名词。Our school is not far from here.我们学校离这儿不远。(2) 英语中表示身体所有的或随身携带的物主代词一般不可省略, 而汉语中有时
8、可以省略。He put on his hat and left.他戴上帽子就走了。(3) 形容词性物主代词与own连用时表示强调。I saw it with my own eyes.那是我亲眼看见的。(4) 下面结构中, 必须要用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词(不可用物主代词)。touch sb. on the head 摸某人的头hit sb. on the head 打某人的头hit sb. on the nose打某人的鼻子strike/hit sb. in the face/chest 打某人的脸胸部take/catch/pull/sb. by the head/arm抓住某人的头手
9、3. 名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语。它还可以构成“a/an/this/that/some/no+名词of+名词性物主代词”句型, 在这个句型中, 名词性物主代词在句中作定语。(1) 作主语。Ours is the best team in the league.我们的队在联赛中是最强的队。Our room is on the first floor and yours(theirs) is on the second.我们的房间在一楼, 你们的(他们的)在二楼。(2) 作表语。The books over there are not mine
10、. They are hers.那边的书不是我的, 是她的。Whose jacket is this? Its hers.这是谁的上衣?这是她的。(3) 作宾语。You may have my pen, Ill have his.你可以用我的钢笔, 我用他的。I have lost my dictionary. Please lend me yours.我的字典丢了, 请把你的借给我。(4) 名词性物主代词与of连用可作定语。That son of hers is very naughty.她的那个儿子很淘气。This painting of his is well painted.他的这幅画
11、画得很好。(三) 指示代词英语中用来表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词称为指示代词。常见的指示代词有this, that, these, those, such, same等。1. this, that, these, those的用法; 在句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语(1) 作主语.This is my doll. That is Marys.这是我的洋娃娃, 那是玛丽的。Those are his books.那些是他的书。(2) 作宾语.Do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?We should always keep this in mind.我们应当永远
12、记住这一点。(3) 作定语.I want this radio.我要这台收音机。We are busy these days, 这些日子我们很忙。This magazine is about Chinese poetry.这本杂志是关于中国诗歌的。(4) 作表语.Oh, its not that.噢, 不是那样的。What I want is this(that).我要的是这个(那个)。2. this (these)和that (those)的用法区别(1) this (的复数形式是these), 是指时间上或空间上离说话人较近的人或物。that (复数形式是those), 是指在时间上或空间
13、上离说话人较远的人或物。This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black.这位是史密斯先生, 那位是布莱克先生。These are jeeps. Those are trucks.这些是吉普车, 那些是卡车.(2) that/those有时用来代替前面说过的名词, 以避免重复。The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that (=the weather) in Beijing.上海的天气没有北京那么冷。City people stand closer than those who live in the country.
14、城里人比那些住在乡村的人彼此站得更靠近。(3) that/those指前面讲过的事物, this/these指下面要讲的事物。I had a bad cold. Thats why I didnt come.我得了重感冒, 所以没来。This is the latest news from the United States.下面是来自美国的最新消息。3. such的用法指示代词such表示“如此的, 如此的事物”, 具有名词和形容词的性质, 在句子中可用作主语、定语、表语、宾语等。(1) 作主语。Such is life.生活就是这样。Such is our study plan.这就是我们
15、的学习计划。Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(2) 作定语。I dont like such a book.我不喜欢这样的书。Such water is quite clean.这样的水很干净。点拨such作定语时, 它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词, 这个不定冠词应放在such之后。如: such a play, such a book(3) 作表语。The birds were such as I never saw before.这样的鸟, 我从未见过。The problems are such that we cant solve by ourselves.这样的
16、问题, 我们自己是解决不了的。(4) 作宾语。Take from the drawer such as you need.你需要什么, 就从抽屉里拿吧。If you act like a child, you will be treated as such.你要是这样孩子气, 人家就把你当孩子看待了。4. same的用法same (同样的)也是指示代词, 使用时same之前必须用定冠词the。它也具有名词和形容词的性质, 在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。(1) 作主语。The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。The s
17、ame happened to me.我也发生了同样的情况。(2) 作宾语。She went to swim and I did the same.她去游泳, 我也去了。Whatever I did, he tried to do the same.无论我做什么, 他也想跟着做什么。(3) 作表语。His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。Our ideas are exactly the same.我们的想法完全一个样。(4) 作定语。The students are doing the same thing.学生们在做同样的事情。(5) 作状语。Thank
18、you all the same.我还是要谢谢你。(四) 反身代词1. 反身代词的分类反身代词是表示动作回到其执行者本身或是强调代词或名词的一组代词。反身代词是由人称代词第一人称和第二人称的形容词性物主代词和第三人称的宾格加“-self”或“-selves”构成。列表如下:单数复数第一人称myself 我自己ourselves 我们自己第二人称yourself你自己yourselves 你们自己第三人称himself他自己herself 她自己itself 它自己themselves他们她们它们自己2. 反身代词的用法(1) 作表语.She will be herself again in n
19、o time.她很快就会好的。That poor boy was myself.那可怜的孩子就是我。(2) 作宾语.Did they enjoy themselves last Sunday?他们上个星期天玩得高兴吗?Make yourself at home.别客气, 就像在家一样。(3) 作主语或宾语的同位语。在作同位语时, 反身代词多可译为“本人”(或“本身”)。但有时为了加强语气, 常译为“自己”或“亲自”。起强调作用时, 反身代词可以放在被强调词之后, 也可以放在句末。Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it himself. 没有人教他绘画,
20、 他是自学的。Youd better ask the teacher yourself (himself).你最好亲自问老师。(你最好问老师本人。)Our guide buys some food from the villagers and we cook it ourselves.我们的向导从村民那里买来一些食物, 我们自己烹调。3. 反身代词的用法(1) 反身代词用来加强语气。反身代词用于强调时, 经常作主语或者宾语的同位语, 一般放在所强调的名词或代词后面, 如果不影响理解, 作同位语的反身代词的位置也可以灵活处理。Peter himself closed the window. (=
21、Peter closed the window himself.) 彼得亲自关上了窗户。(2) 反身代词用于固定搭配中.in oneself本身, 本质上of oneself 独自to oneself供自己用between ourselves 私下说的话(不可告诉别人)for oneself替自己, 为自己amuse oneself自娱excuse oneself自我辩解call oneself自称help oneself to 随便吃enjoy oneself过得很快活teach oneself自学speak to oneself自言自语devote oneself to 献身于lose o
22、neself=lose ones way 迷路make oneself understood 让别人懂自己的意思seat oneself=sit down=be seated坐下(五) 相互代词1. 用来表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词英语中相互代词只有each other和one another两个, 意为“相互, 互相”。each other主要用于两者之间, one another主要用于三者或三者以上之间。但在现代英语中常可通用。宾格所有格each other 相互each others相互的one another 相互one anothers相互的2. 相互代词的用法(1) 作动词的宾
23、语.The two girls help each other in their lessons.这两个女孩在功课上互相帮助。They saw each other every day.他们每天相见。(2) 作介词的宾语.They looked at each other.他们互相看着。You two should learn from each other.你们两人应互相学习。(3) 相互代词的所有格形式只能作定语.They looked into each others (one anothers) eyes for a long time.他们彼此对视了很长时间。They know ea
24、ch others parents.他们都认识对方的父母。(六) 疑问代词1. 疑问代词是指用来构成特殊疑问句的代词常见的有who, whom, whose, what, which. who常用作主语和表语, whom作宾语, whose, what, which可用作主语、表语、宾语或定语。疑问代词还可用来引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句, 所以它们又可称为连接代词。疑问代词有格的变化, 还有指人和指物的区别。主格宾格所有格指人whowhomwhose指物whatwhose指人或物whichwhose2. 疑问代词的用法(1) who , whom的用法。who只能指人, 常作主语和表语,
25、 只有名词性质。在非正式英文和口语中, who可以代替whom, 但介词后面要用whom; whom也指人, 常用作宾语, 也只有名词性质。Who would you like to go with?你想和谁一起去?Who are you looking for?你在找谁?By whom was the house built?这房子是谁建的?Who (Whom) are you waiting for?你在等谁?Who (Whom) did you go to the movie with?你同谁一起去看电影的?(2) whose的用法。whose和物主代词一样, 具有名词和形容词的性质,
26、可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。Whose is better?谁的好一些?Whose is this?这是谁的?Whose are you going to borrow?你准备借谁的?Whose room is this?这是谁的房间?(3) what的用法。what表示“什么(人或物)”, 可用作单数和复数, 具有名词和形容词性质, 作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。What is happening now?发生什么事了?What do you usually do on Sundays?你星期天通常做什么?What would you like to buy?你想买点什么东西?Whats yo
27、ur father?你父亲是干什么的?What time do you usually get up?你通常几点钟起床?点拨what可用来指人的职业; what可用于感叹句; what与like连用表示“怎么样” 如:What is your sister? She is a doctor.你姐姐是干什么的?她是一名医生。What does your father do? He is an engineer.你父亲是做什么工作的?他是一名工程师。What a fine day today!今天天气真好啊！What a pretty girl she is!她真是个美丽的女孩！What is t
28、he weather like today?今天天气如何?(4) which的用法。which表示“在一定范围内的哪一个(哪一些)人或物”, 可用作单数和复数, 具有名词和形容词的性质, 用作主语、定语、宾语等。Which is yours?哪一个是你的?(主语)Which sport do you like best?你最喜欢哪一项运动?(定语)Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?你喜欢哪种, 茶还是咖啡?(宾语)点拨(1) who, what, which作表语(指人)时的区别: who问人的身份, 多指姓名、关系。what问人的职业。which问在一定范
29、围内的人群中特指的人。(2) what和which作定语时的区别: what指“什么”“哪种”, 不限制范围。which指在相当数目中的人或物中进行选择, 限制在一定范围内。(3) 疑问代词作主语时, 后面的谓语动词可以用单数形式, 也可以用复数形式, 主要看代表的人或物是单数还是复数。(七) 不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有:some一些(可数或不可数)somebody某人someone某人something某物, 某事any一些, 任何anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物no无nobody无人no one无一人nothin
30、g无物all全体, 全部both两个neither两者都不none没有人或物either(两者中)任何一个each每个every每个everybody每人, 大家, 人人everyone每人everything每一个事物, 一切other(s)另一个(些)another另外一个, 又一个much很多(不可数)many很多(可数)few很少(可数)a few一些, 几个(可数)little很少(不可数)a little一些(不可数)one一个(人或物)不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词, 在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语, 但none和由some, any, no, every和-thing, -b
31、ody, -one构成的复合不定代词(如somebody等)只能作主语、宾语或表语; every和no只能作定语。1. some的用法(1) some通常指不定数量“一些”, 修饰或代替可数名词复数或不可数名词, 既可指人, 又可指物.常用在肯定句中。There are some animals on the island.这个岛上有一些动物。Give me some water, please.请给我一些水。(2) some也可用在“请求、建议、反问”等含义的疑问句中, 以期得到肯定的回答。Didnt he give you some books?难道他没有给你一些书?(3) some有时可
32、修饰可数名词单数, 表示“某个”。This morning, some boy asked for you.今天上午, 有个男孩要求见你。(4) some也可修饰数词, 表示“大约”.It took me some twenty days to get there.我大约花了20天时间才到达那里。2. any的用法(1) 不定代词any和some一样表示不定数量“一些”, 修饰和代替可数名词复数和不可数名词, 既可指人又可指物。但一般用在否定句、疑问句、条件从句中。Do you have any questions? If you have any, dont hesitate to ask
33、me.你有什么问题吗?如果你有问题的话, 尽管问我好了。There isnt any tea left. Ill go and make some for you.没有茶了, 我去给你泡一些。(2) 用于肯定句中, 表示“任何一个”, 修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词。You can buy this book at any bookstore in our city.你可以在我们市里任何一家书店买到这本书。Any child can answer that question.任何一个小孩都能回答那个问题。3. no的用法(1) 不定代词no只有形容词性质, 一般作定语来构成否定句, 表示“不是”
34、“没有”。She knows no English.(=She doesnt know English at all.)她根本不懂英语。He has no brothers.(=He doesnt have any brothers.)他没有兄弟。(no等于not any)(2) 用于警告、命令等.No Parking!禁止停车！(3) 修饰表语时, 有特殊的意思。试比较:I am no teacher.我不善于教书。I am not a teacher.我不是教师。4. none的用法none只具有名词性质, 可以代替人和事物, 表示“三者(以上)都不”“没有一个人(一件事物)”。作主语时,
35、 如果谈到的是所有人的情况, 动词多用复数形式; 如果谈每个人的状况, 则多用单数形式。None of us are/is afraid of difficulties.我们谁也不怕困难。None of them has a bike.他们谁也没有自行车。None of the machines is/are working.这些机器都不能工作。We none of us can sing this song.我们中没人能唱这支歌。点拨none和neither的区别:none表示“在三个或三个以上当中, 没有人或物”, 而neither指“在两个当中, 没有人或物”。如:None of the
36、 students has ever read the book.学生中没有谁读过这本书。(不止两个学生)Neither of my parents has ever read the book.我父母亲都没读过这本书。5. both的用法both表示“两者都”, 具有名词和形容词的性质, 可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时谓语动词用复数。Both would like to have a try.两人都想试一试。(作主语)We asked both to put forward their suggestions.我们要两人都提出建议。(作宾语)Give us some bread. W
37、e both want to try a bit.给我们一些面包。我们俩都想尝尝。(同位语)Both men were interested in the job.两个人都对这项工作感兴趣。(作定语)点拨(1) both后常跟短语, 其后用复数名词或代词, 后接复数名词时of常省略, 后接复数代词时of则不省略。Both (of) the films were very good.两部电影都很好。(2) 相当于名词时, 在句中还用作同位语, 与复数名词或复数代词同位。在句中的位置取决于谓语动词的形式。作主语同位语时, 如谓语为完全动词(包括用作完全动词的have), both位于主语之后、谓语
38、动词之前。We both had a haircut.我俩都理了发。(3) 如谓语部分为系表结构, both则位于连系动词之后和表语之前。The children were both too young.这两个孩子都太小了。(4) 如谓语是含有助动词或情态动词的动词短语, both则位于助动词或情态动词之后。My parents have both been invited.我父母都受到了邀请。You must both come over some evening.你俩一定要找个晚上过来坐车。(5) 作宾语同位语时, 位于宾语之后。They told us both to wait.他们告诉
39、我俩都等一等。Ive met them both before.我以前见过他俩。6. all的用法(1) 当all作主语时, 代表三个以上的人, 谓语动词用复数形式; 指事物或情况时, 往往表示“一切”“所有的”的意思, 常被看作单数, 谓语动词用单数形式。当all作定语时, 既可修饰可数名词, 也可修饰不可数名词。 all具有名词和形容词性质, 常表示“全体”“所有的”“一切”的意思; 在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语。All are here.大家都到了。(主语, all指人)All is known.一切都明白了。(主语, all指事物, 不可数)She has told
40、 me all about it.她把一切都告诉我了。(作宾语)Is that all you can help me?这就是你能帮助我做的事吗?(表语)All the apples in that box are rotten.那箱子里所有的苹果都烂了。(定语)They have all gone to America.他们全都到美国去了。(同位语)He is all excited.他非常激动。(作状语, 加强语气)(2) 当all用作主语时, 如果后面跟有人称代词, 须在它们之间加上of; 如果后面跟的是名词, 它们之间可加of, 也可不加。All of them are from Be
41、ijing.他们全都是北京人。(them为人称代词, of不能省略)All (of) the books are here.所有的书都在这儿。(books为名词, of可省略)(3) 当all作同位语时, 它在句中的位置随谓语动词而定。当谓语动词是实义动词时, all放在动词前面;谓语动词是be时, all放在be后面; 谓语动词是由情态动词或助动词加实义动词组成时, all放在它们之间。They all know the answer.他们都知道这答案。They are all students.他们都是学生。You can all go home.你们都可以回家了。(4) 当all用作人称
42、代词宾语的同位语时, all放在宾语后面。如: you all, them all, us all。Ill have to think them all again.我得将它们重新考虑一次。7. each的用法each具有名词和形容词性质, 指每个人或事物的个别情况, 相当于汉语的“各个”。在句中可用作主语、定语、宾语和同位语。Each of the boys has a bike.每个男孩都有一辆自行车。(作主语, 强调个体, 每一个).There are flowers on each side of the river.河两岸都是花。(作定语)Two men came and I gav
43、e a book to each.两个人来了, 我给他们每人一本书。(作宾语)The teacher gave the pupils four textbooks each.教师给每个学生四本教科书。(作同位语)We each have a new schoolbag now.现在我们每人都有一个新书包。(作同位语)好题精练一、用所给的汉语提示填空1. We want _ (他们) to help us. 2. This is _ (我的) book. That is _ (你的). 3. This doesnt look like _ (我的) dictionary, it must be
44、_ (你的). 4. _ (他) often helps _ (我们) with _ (我们的) lessons. 5. Is this book _ (你的)? No, its not _ (我的). Its _ (她的). 6. Ill work out the problem _ (我自己)7. Who are _ (他们)? _ (他们) are _ (我们的) new classmates. 8. _ (她) is very honest. _ (我们) may depend on _ (她).9. These books are very important to _ (我)10.
45、 _ (我父亲) goes to work by bus every day. 答案：1. them 2. my, yours 3. my, yours 4. He, us, our 5. yours, mine, hers6. myself 7. they, They, our 8. She, We, her 9. me 10. My father二、选择括号中适当的词填空1. _ of them knows Japanese. (Neither, Both)2. We study Chinese, English, maths and _ subjects. (the others, other)3. Dont hurry. There is _ time left. (little, a little)4. “Is there _ wrong with your bike?”“Yes, there is _ wrong with it.” (something, anything)5. I dont like this one. Please give me _. (another, other)6. (He, His, Her) name is Jack. _ (Sh