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1、第八章 连词思维导图知识梳理一、连词的定义连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分,也不能重读,在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及引导从句的作用.二、连词的分类(一)根据连词本身的形式分类根据其构成的形式,连词可以分为4类.1.简单连词and(和)but(但是)or(或者)if(如果)before(在以前)since(自从,既然)2.关联连词both.and.(既又)either.or.(或者或者)neither.nor.(既不又不)as.as.(和样)not only.but also.(不但而且) 3.短语连词as if/as though(仿佛)as soon as(就)
2、as well as(也,又)so that(以便;结果)in case(假使;以免)in order that(为了)4.分词连词(它们由动词的分词转变而来)如:supposing (假如), considering(考虑到), provided(只要)等.(二)根据连词的句法功能分类根据连词的句法功能,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两类.1.并列连词并列连词用来连接,按其作用可分为并列、转折、选择和因果等四大类.(1)并列关系.用来连接两个概念,常见的连词有:and和,以及,both.and.既又,not only.but also.不但而且,neither.nor.既不又不,as well
3、 as 也,又.and可用来连接两个或两个以上的词、短语或句子,表示一种对等或顺承关系.My tall friend is handsome, intelligent and strong.我那高个子朋友英俊、聪明、身体又强壮.She sings and dances very well.她唱歌跳舞都很好.You, he and I are good friends.你、我、他都是好朋友.Jim and Li Lei are in the same class.吉姆和李磊在同一个班级.She is beautiful and helpful.她美丽又乐于助人.点拨“祈使句and+陈述句”用于代
4、替条件从句.Go ahead and you will see the hospital. = if you go ahead, you will see the hospital.向前走你就会看见医院.both.and.Both Tom and John came to see me.汤姆和约翰两个都来看我.Mary can both sing and dance.玛丽既会唱歌,又会跳舞.Both teachers and students will go to visit the farm tomorrow.老师和学生明天都去农场参观.点拨连接两个主语,谓语动词要用复数.Both you
5、and I enjoy music.你和我都喜欢音乐. not only.but also.Beijing has not only a lot of old houses but also many new buildings.北京不仅有许许多多古建筑,而且还有很多很多的新楼房.This girl is not only pretty but also clever.这女孩不仅漂亮而且聪明.点拨(1)当连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与最近的主语在数上保持一致.Not only he but also I am a teacher.不仅他,我也是个老师.(2)由not only.but also.
6、引导的句子可转换成as well as.She is not only kind but also beautiful.She is kind as well as beautiful.她不但漂亮,而且为人很好. neither.nor.Neither animals nor plants can live without air or water.没有空气和水,动植物都不能活.He neither wrote nor telephoned.他既没写信,也没有打电话.点拨当此词组作主语时,谓语动词的用法由nor后面的词而定.Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不对.
7、as well asShe is beautiful as well as clever.她漂亮也聪明.I entered for 100-meter-race as well as high jump.我报名参加百米赛跑和跳高.点拨(1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有as well as引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式.He as well as I is going to the concert.不仅他,我也要去听音乐会.(2)as well as侧重前者,而not only.but also.侧重后者.(2)转折关系.表示两个概念彼此有转折关系,常见的连词有:but但是,yet然而,whi
8、le而,however可是,然而.如:She is not my girlfriend but my sister.她不是我的女朋友,而是我的妹妹(姐姐).He worked hard, yet he failed.他工作努力,可是他失败了.However, on his arrival in Paris he was recognized as noble and thrown into prison.可是,他一到巴黎就被认出是贵族,被关进了监狱.(3)选择关系.表示两者之间选择其一,常见的连词有:either.or.或者或者,不是就是,or或者,否则,otherwise 否则,or els
9、e否则.Do you speak either English or French?你说英语还是说法语?Either you or she is wrong.不是你错就是她错.He can either go swimming or play tennis.他可去游泳也可以打网球.点拨either.or.连接主语时,谓语动词同后一个主语一致.Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是我错.Either you or we do the housework.不是你们就是我们做家务.Either the father or his son drives the car.不是那个
10、父亲就是他的儿子开这辆车.Either he or you get it back today.要么他要么你今天去把它取回.(4)因果关系.说明原因或产生的结果.常见的连词有:for因为,so所以,因此,therefore所以,因而.Youd better put on your sweater, for its rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上,因为外面相当冷.These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough.这些建筑物已有50多年的寿命,因此不够坚固.He broke the
11、 rules of the school, therefore he had to leave.他违反了校规,因此只得退学.2.从属连词用来连接主句和名词性从句或状语从句的连词叫从属连词.(1)引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句)的从属连词,有:that(无词义),whether/if.Joe said (that) he would come.乔说过他要来.The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们缺少资金.Ask her if she will come with me.请问她是否愿意跟我一起来.He asked whether
12、 they needed some more tea.他问他们是否还需要茶.(2)引导状语从句的从属连词.连接时间状语从句的从属连词有:since, until, after, before, when, while, as, as soon asWhere did you study before you came her?你来这儿之前在哪儿学习?As I left the house, I remembered the key.正要离开住所时,我想起了钥匙.Ill go with you as soon as I finish my work.我一完成工作就和你一起去.Lets play
13、football after school.放学后,咱们踢球吧.He has lived in Beijing since he came to China.他来华以来,一直住在北京.Tom watched TV while he was having his supper.汤姆边吃晚饭边看电视.He could swim very well when he was young.他年轻的时候,游泳游得很好.Go on till you see a tall building on your right.往前走,直到在你的右侧看到一所高楼.引导条件状语从句的有:if, even if, unle
14、ss, in case, provided that, suppose (supposing) , as long as, on condition thatIf it doesnt rain tomorrow, Ill go to the Great Wall.如果明天不下雨,我就去长城.Even if you fail again, you shouldnt lose heart.就算再次失败你也不应该灰心.Hell go there unless it rains.如果天不下雨,他将到那儿去.Youd better take an umbrella in case it rains.你最
15、好把雨伞带去以防下雨.Ill go with you provided that everyones going.如果人人都去,我就跟你一起去.Suppose you are right, are you happy?假定你对,你高兴吗?As long as he is alive, hell work.只要他活着,他就要工作.引导原因状语从句的有:because, as, since, now that, seeing that, forI must hurry because its time for class.我必须快点,因为该我上课了.Since he is very busy, I
16、 wont trouble him.既然他很忙,我就不打扰他了.Now that the weather is fine, I want to eat out.既然天气好,我想到饭馆里去吃饭.Im late for class for I got up late.我迟到是因为起晚了.连接方式状语从句的从属连词有:as, as if(as though)It looks as if it is going to rain.看起来天气似乎要下雨.When in Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗.Dont make the same mistake as I did.不要犯
17、和我同样的错误.连接结果状语从句的从属连词有:so.that.,such.that.He is such a good person that we all like him.他是如此好的一个人,以致我们都喜欢他.He worked so hard that he made good progress.他工作得如此努力,以致取得很大进步.连接让步状语从句的从属连词有:although, though, howeverAlthough she was tired, she kept on working.虽然她很累,但仍继续工作.Though he is young, he knows a lo
18、t.他虽然年轻,但知道的很多.连接目的状语的从属连词有:so that, in order thatIll speak slowly so that you can understand me.为了让你们能听懂我的话,我说慢一点.It also shows you the callers telephone number in order that you recognize who it is.它也向你显示发话人的电话号码,以便你清楚是谁给你打的电话.表示比较的从属连词有:than, as.as.,not as/so.as.The earth is bigger than the moon(
19、is).地球比月球大.She is as tall as Mary.她和玛丽一样高.好题精练一、用适当的连词填空1.I know_ English is a useful tool.2.We wont go to the park_ it rains.3.We enjoyed ourselves_ the weather was bad.4.He asked_ Mr. Howe had come back.5. _ I got to school, the rain had stopped.6. _ he wasnt feeling well, I went there alone.7.Mr.
20、 and Mrs. Brown had lived in Boston_ they moved to Washington.8.Dont listen to the radio_ you are doing your homework.9.The next day Jenny got up very early_ went to school without breakfast.10.I have a brother_ a sister.11.I can swim_ my sister cant.12.Is this book yours_ Han Meis?13.Mary often hel
21、ps me with my English_ I often help her with her Chinese.14.Tom_ Jim are brothers.15.This exercise is long_ its easy.16.Take a rest, _ youll feel tired,17.My mother went shopping_ bought nothing.18.Go to see the doctor at once, _ your cold may get worse.19.Ill give the note to him_ he comes.20. _ Ji
22、m_ Kate broke the glass. The cat did.21.Grandma is often ill now. She is not_ healthy_ before.22.It was_ dark_ we had to feel our way out.23. _ animals_ plants can live without air or water.24.This child is only one year old ,he_ can_ read write.25. _ Mary_ Tom have read this book. 答案：1.that 2.if 3.
23、though 4.whether/ if 5.When 6.As 7.before 8.while 9.but 10.and 11.but 12.or 13.and 14.and 15.but 16.or 17.but 18.or 19.as soon as 20.Neither.nor 21.as.as 22.so.that 23.Neither.nor 24.neither.nor 25.Both.and二、用括号内的连词改写句子1.You are not right, I think.(that)_2.The boy has caught a bad cold, so his mothe
24、r will take him to the hospital.(because)_3.I wondered whether it would be fine or not.(if)_4.We were waiting for an important telephone call. Just then the door bell rang.(when)_5.The boy saw the dog and hid himself behind the door at once.(as soon as)_6.Mother was cooking dinner and father was wor
25、king in the garden.(while)_7.They moved here in 1995.(since)_8.When I see him, Ill give him the message.(if)_9.It was such a heavy parcel that I couldnt lift it.(so.that)_10.He can not speak English. He cant speak Japanese.(neither.nor)_答案：1.I dont think that you are right.2.The mother will take the
26、 boy to the hospital because he has caught a bad cold.3.I wondered if it would be fine.4.We were waiting for an important telephone call when the door bell rang.5.As soon as the boy saw the dog, he hid himself behind the door.6.Mother was cooking dinner while father was working in the garden.7.They
27、have lived here since 1995.8.Ill give him the message ifI see him.9.The parcel was so heavy that I couldnt lift it.10.He can speak neither English nor Japanese.三、选择填空1.Could you look after my cat_ I am away?A. untilB. whereC. whileD. since2. _ he or I am wrong.A. NeitherB. EitherC. BothD.As3.I hear_
28、 walking on the moon is more difficult.A. ifB. thatC. soD. whether4.Could you tell us_ it snows in winter in Australia?A. ifB thatC. afterD. before5.What shall we do_ it rains tomorrow?A. soB. ifC. butD. before6. _ it rains tomorrow, Ill go by car.A. WhetherB. AfterC. IfD. Before7.Our teacher is ver
29、y tired, _ she stops working.A. andB. butC. soD. or8. _ you_ your sister can join us. We want just one of you.A. Both; andB. Both; orC. Neither; norD. Either; or9.The nurse is very tired, _ she is still working very hard.A. butB. andC. orD. if10. _ you dont know how to read a new word, youd better l
30、ook it up in a dictionary.A. BecauseB. IfC. WhyD. What11.Is reading in bed good_ bad for your eyes?A. asB. andC. orD. but12.I like basketball, football_ volleyball.A. butB. orC. soD. and13.I was doing my homework_ my mother got back yesterday.A. whenB. afterC .beforeD. as soon as14.You can_ stay at
31、home_ go out to play football.A. both; andB. either; orC. as; asD. so; that15.Do you know_ she will go to the cinema with us?A. ifB. whereC. thatD. there16.Why not look up the new word in a dictionary_ you dont know it?A. ifB. thatC. thoughD. whether17.Mr. Li has lived here_ he moved to the city.A.
32、forB. sinceC. soD. because18.Which is bigger, the sun_ the moon?A. orB. andC. butD. so19.Youll pass the exam_ you study with a strong will.A. unlessB. untilC. as long asD. as well as20.Ic was about 600 years ago_ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.A. thatB. untilC. beforeD. when22
33、.I think_ he is tired.A. ifB. thatC. whetherD. before23.If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.A. whatB. howC. howeverD. whatever24.Work harder_ youll make greater progress.A. butB. orC. soD. and25.Han Mei didnt go to school_ she had a bad cold.A. whenB. whileC.
34、 ifD. because26.Theyll visit the Great Wall_ it doesnt rain next Sunday.A. sinceB. beforeC. ifD. when27.The reason for his absence is_ he was ill.A. thatB. whyD. forC. because28.Would you like a cup of coffee_ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise29.I have sent Jack five letters, _ he hasnt written back.A. soB. orC. andD. but30.He speaks not only French_ also English.A. and B. butC. orD. that答案：1-5CBBAB 6-10CCDAB 11-15 CDABA16-20 ABACA 21-25DBCDD 26-30 CACDB