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1、专题11 阅读理解之长难句长难句是初中生阅读理解的难点之一，由于句子过长，成分复杂，从而阻碍了学生的正常理解，也给通篇文章增加了难度。对句子的理解一般包含两个层次，第一个层次是对句子本身含义的理解，这需要学生对句子的结构以及命题人组织长难句的方法有基本的把握和正确的认识；第二个层次是对句子弦外之音的感悟，理解句子对下文内容和文章结构的指示作用。这两个层次可以通过语法分析和语义提取得以实现。Part 1英语汉语的不同英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。Although these stores arent very attractive, a
2、nd they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构（grapevine structure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboo structu
3、re）。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。Part 2 翻译词序的调整英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。首先我们谈谈词序的调整：英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。汉语说“他正在卧室里睡觉”，而在英语中却说He is sleeping in the bedroom.（他睡觉在卧室。）；英语汉语都说“他出生于北京”，He was born in
4、 Beijing。一）定语位置的调整1. 单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。something important（后置） 重要的事情（前置）如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。a little, yellow, ragged beggar（前置） 一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。（后置）2. 短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。their plan to cross the river
5、 （后置） 他们渡江的企图（前置）二）状语位置的调整1. 单词作状语英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。He was very active in class.（前置） 他在班上很活跃。（前置）英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置）现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置）英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。He is running fast enough.（后置
6、） 他跑得够快的了。（前置）2短语作状语英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970（地点在前）他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（时间在前）英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。Part 3 句序的调整这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。（1）时间顺序的调整1英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。I went out for a walk after I h
7、ad my dinner（从句在主句之后）我吃了晚饭后出去散步。（从句在主句之前）2. 英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置。He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。（2）英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整1. 表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺序灵活，在汉语中多数情况
8、是原因在前，结果在后。He had to stay in bed because he was ill（后置）因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）2. 表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的顺序也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made（后置）如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）3. 表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。Better take yo
9、ur umbrella in case it rains（后置） 最好带上伞以防下雨。（前置）Part 4 如何处理长难句？英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词(短语)、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成。这些成分所处的位置通常就是应该作拆分处理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时，意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句，甚至于分拆成独立的句子。这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后，单独译成句子，对句子主干部分进行补充说明。 有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分还不够，还需要将句子结构打乱，重新组合。有时需要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词。1.
10、 长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2. 5个拆分信号：标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。3. 五步拆分步骤：隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点寻找连词，确定句子种类并列句，主从句；寻找句中的动词或动词结构确定整句框架标出主句主干部分及从属连词；确定从句框架标出从句主谓部分；*分別翻译
11、主从句分别进行翻译；*词句推敲中文语言进行表述。注：*部分为翻译要求步骤。Part 5 翻译方法(1) 顺译法。 即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。 如：Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. (2) 逆译法。 即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至
12、相反的话。 The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modern traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备). “At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,” notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institu
13、te. (3)分译法。 如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。 如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series o
14、f programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (4)综合法。 上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。 如：Teaching them small acts of kindness, such as
15、 letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open, may seem unimportant, but it can go a long way toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others .精讲精练【例题1】Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must selec
16、t the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 【答案】决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。【解析】在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是womens magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations。exact television同时修饰programs和stati
17、ons两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。【练习1】Ive loved my mothers desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as mother sat writing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the most wonderful thin
18、g in the world.Years later, during her final illness, Mother kept different things for my sister and brother. But the desk, she said, is for Elizabeth.I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted hearttoheart talks between moth
19、er and daughter.They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was too emotional（易动情感的）. But she lived on the surface.As years passed, I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family. I wrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose
20、that she did forgive（原谅）me.I posted the letter and waited for her answer. None came.My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and finally, peace-it seemed that nothing happened. I couldnt be sure that the letter had even got to Mother. I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop
21、 trying to make her into someone she was not.Now the present of her desk told me, as shed never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work, I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside, a photo of my father and a onepage letter, folded （折叠） and refolded many time
22、s.Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always chose the act that speaks louder than words.1. Elizabeth began to love her mothers desk _. A. after she had her own familyB. when she was a childC. after her mother diedD. when her mother was badly ill2. The underlined wo
23、rd gulf in the fourth paragraph means A. deep understanding between the mother and the daughterB. different ideas between the mother and the daughterC. free talks between the mother and the daughterD. part of the sea going far in land3. Elizabeth wrote to her mother to A. apologize to herB. express
24、thanks to herC. have heart-to-heart talksD. make her cry4. Elizabeth was probably A. a teacher B. a doctorC. a novelistD. an actress5. Which of the following statements is true according to the writer？ A. The letter had never got to Elizabeths mother.B. Elizabeth and her mother often argued with eac
25、h other.C. Elizabeth realized her mother forgave her at last.D. Elizabeths mother was too emotional.6. Whats the best title of the passage？ A. My mothers deskB. A letter to my motherC. Talks between Mother and MeD. My happy family【答案】BBACBA【解析】本文主要讲述的是有关于作者和母亲之间的事情作者和母亲之间有代沟，也在尝试和母亲交流而母亲则是按照自己的方式，把爱
26、传递给自己的子女1B，细节理解题，Ive loved my mothers desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as mother sat writing letters自从我能够够到桌子时开始，我就喜欢上妈妈的桌子，此时还是个孩子，选择B2B，细节理解题， I was too emotional But she lived on the surface我易感情化，而母亲是却不是这样，由此可知我和母亲的处事方式完全不同，也就是说对同一个事物，两个人具有不同的看法，选择B3A，细节理解题， I wrote to
27、 her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive（原谅）me给母亲写信只是为了看一下母亲是否原谅了自己，选择A4C，细节理解题，she was pleased that writing was my chosen work母亲很高兴我选择了写作，由此可知作者是一个作家，选择C5B，细节理解题，And a gulf opened between us作者和母亲之间有代沟， I wrote to her in careful words and asked her
28、 to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive（原谅）me连我想确认母亲是否原谅了我都要写信，由此可知我和目前的关系并不好，选择B6A，主旨归纳题，本文主要讲述的是我和母亲之间的事情，事情从母亲的书桌开始，又在母亲的书桌结束，由此可知选择A【例题2】 In the 1970s he was a surgeon (外科医生) at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy. 【答案】在20世纪70年代,他
29、在耶鲁当一名外科医生,有一个出色的妻子和五个可爱的孩子,但他过得并不开心。【解析】这是一道典型的“含有多个简单句的并列句”,在第二个并列句中,即在had前面省略了“and he”。【练习2】In nature, you may see many insects and animals of different colors. Have you ever wondered why Locusts are super delicious food for birds, but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch them. It is n
30、either because locusts are good jumpers or runners nor because they are smarter than their enemies. The reason is that the colors of locusts change with the colors of crops（庄稼）. When crops are young, locusts look green. But when autumn comes, locusts change to the yellow and brown color as crops do.
31、Brown bears, tigers and other animals move quietly through forests. They cant be seen easily by their enemies. This is because they have colors similar（类似的） to the trees. For the same reason, polar bears that live on a land of snow and ice are white. Butterflies and bees living among the flowers are
32、 colorful like flowers. Soil（土壤）insects are mostly darkcolored and they live under the soil in a dark and wet environment. However, insects with colors different from plants can easily be found and eaten by others. So in order to survive, they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only a
33、t night.Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts？ The ink fish（墨鱼） in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over（散开） , its enemies（敌人） will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the ink fish immediately swims away. That is how it
34、keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all.1. It is not easy for birds to catch locusts because _A. locusts are good runnersB. locusts can jump very highC. locusts are smarter than birdsD. locusts can change their color2. According to the passage, most soil insects _ A. do not have bright colo
35、rsB. change their colors with the soilC. do not live in a dark and wet environmentD. eat colorful insects like butterflies and bees3. Whats the meaning of the underlined word survive in the passage.A. 繁殖B. 产卵C. 觅食D. 生存4. The ink fish _ so that its enemies will not see it.A. changes its colorB. makes
36、 the water around it blackC. appears only at nightD. hides itself in the sea rocks5. What is the main idea of this passage？ A. Some insects and animals have different skills.B. Some insects and animals are clever than we think.C. Some insects and animals use colors to protect themselves.D. Some inse
37、cts and animals can get used to （习惯）the environment easily.【答案】DADBC【解析】短文大意：自然界有许多昆虫和动物都有不同的颜色本文以蝗虫、棕熊、老虎、北极熊、蝴蝶和土壤昆虫为例叙述了动物的保护色，并且介绍了墨鱼保护自己的方式。小题1：D 细节题.根据第二段Locusts are super delicious food for birds，but it is not always an easy job for birds to catch theme reason is that the colors of locusts ch
38、ange with the colors of crops（庄稼）。及下文描述，可知鸟类不易捉住昆虫是因为他们能够随着庄稼而改变他们自身的颜色.故选D。小题2：A 细节题.根据第三段Soil insects are mostly darkcolored and they live under the soil（土壤） in a dark and wet environment.描述，可知生活在土壤里面的昆虫没有明亮的颜色。故选A。小题3：D 词汇题.联系下文they have to hide themselves in the daytime and appear only at night.
39、他们不得不白天躲起来，晚上才出现.描述，可知此处指的是为了生存。故选D。小题4：B 细节题.根据短文最后一段Have you ever noticed some even stranger acts？ The ink fish（墨鱼） in the sea can send out some very black ink when it faces danger. As the ink spreads over（散开） ， its enemies（敌人） will find themselves suddenly in a dark world. At the same time the in
40、k fish immediately swims away. That is how it keeps itself safe though it is not strong at all.海洋中的墨鱼在面临危险时会发出一些很黑的墨水.当墨水扩散的时候，它的敌人会突然发现自己处于一个黑暗的世界里.同时，墨鱼也会立刻离开.这就是它如何保持自身安全的原因，尽管它一点也不牢固.描述，可知墨鱼能够能够喷出一种墨水，让它周围水的颜色变黑来保护自己。故选B。小题5：C 主旨题.根据第一段In nature， you may see many insects and animals of different
41、 colors.在自然界中，你可以看到许多不同颜色的昆虫和动物，及下文的煌虫随季节变化而变化和最后的墨鱼等.这篇主要介绍了一些动物依靠自身颜色来保护自己的生存方式。故选C。【例题3】His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地）enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software company, he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic
42、-mail system.【答案】他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长,他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。【解析】这是一句含有多个插入成分的句子。as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语,a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语,他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。【练习3】The largest dry area in Antarctica is
43、 called the Dry Valleys. When the British traveler Robert first came across the valleys more than 100 years ago, he thought they are lifeless： It is certainly a valley of the dead.Scientists have found that Scott was wrong. The Dry Valleys are one of the driest deserts in the world - it rains little
44、 a year. But they are not lifeless. In that dry sand and rocks, there are different kinds of organisms that come to life when it rain. For a few weeks each summer, snow turns into water. Colorful organisms grow when the valley is wet.The organisms that live in the dry valley can stand cold and dry w
45、eather. Most are microscopic, but we can see a few with our eyes. The largest organisms in the Dry Valleys are springtails. But what about penguins？ Like sea birds and seals, penguins cant really live on land. They can only spend some time on the ice and land. Scientists say that springtails（跳虫）are
46、the elephants of Antarctica.Scientists study the organisms that live in the valley, others study geology. They want to find out the relationship between the organisms and the valley they live in.1. In the Dry Valley, some kinds of organisms grow when _. A. It is cold B. it rains C. it snows D. it is
47、 fine2.The underlined word microscopic means _ in Chinese.A.强大的 B. 虚弱的 C. 巨大的 D. 极小的3.Scientists agree that springtails are _ living things in the valley.A. little B. long C. big D. small4.According to the last paragraph, scientists dont know clearly _.A. the relationship between the organisms and the valleyB. if there are some kinds of living things in the Dry ValleyC. when the living things come to life in the Dry ValleyD. what the living things in the Dry Valley