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1、专题02 完形填空之说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式,用来说明事物、阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性,给人准确的科学知识或传递某种思想。中考中常见的说明类完形填空有自我介绍、人物介绍(传记)、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法(步骤)介绍,产品说明、新闻报道等。Part 1考情分析说明型完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解大题。在设空与选项设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求:以实词为主,名、动、形、副等词类占全部小题数的90%,绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断。说明性完形填空用言简意赅的文字,按照一定的方法介绍事物、解释事理。最显著的特点是:1.开
2、头点题做说明型完形填空时,要明确说明的对象是具体实物还是理论概念。因此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在说明型填空中,作者一般会在首句直接提出说明的对象。2.结构清晰把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序),空间顺序(从局部到整体,从上到下、从内到外),逻辑顺序(前因后果,先果后因,先主后次);认识顺序(由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质)。 Part 2解题思路1.通过短文抓主旨一般情况下,完形填空短文都不给标题,不容易把握文章的主题和大意。但短文首句通常不设空格,这就为我们窥视文章全貌提供了一个窗口,而尾句往往是文章的总结、结论和点睛
3、之笔,所以抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是必要的。【例1】Every language student wants to know the secret to making the post progress in the shortest timeWhat does the perfect learner do to better acquire a foreign language?The following are some tips which may help you (75)_your language skillsLearn every dayEven when you
4、 are really tired,do some learning,even if its only 5-10minutes Never miss a chance to increase your knowledgeUse it,(76) _lose it! Practice makes perfectMemorize new vocabularyTo really learn a new word,you have to remind yourself of it six times over hours,days and weeksWrite down all your new voc
5、abulary in a little book that you can always carry around with you,or keep a (77)_in your mobile-you always have it with you,dont you?According to a recent study, 86percent of the participants believe that they are more likely to be successful in remembering new words with a vocabulary listBe(78)_Do
6、nt worry about small mistakes! No one minds! When you learn new vocabulary or grammar,use it as soon as possibleIf you cant use them (79)_ ,it is likely that someone will corrct you at onceChallenge yourself! Go for it!(80)_,you can use technology to improve your English such as listening to podcast
7、s(播客)of native speakers,reading news in the language you are learning,watching videos etc.Cheer up! You can be a perfect language learner!75AaffectB createC improveD follow76AandB orC butD so77AdiaryB programC recordD promise78AseriousB activeC honestD brave79AaccuratelyB freelyC completelyD easily8
8、0 . A .For these reasonsB In additionCIn other wordsD In a word【详解】75C 考查动词辨析 affect 影响; create 创造; improve提高; follow 按照,遵循 根据题干关键句:The following are some tips which may help you 可知该句句意是: 下面的一些建议也许会帮助你提高你的语言技能 又因固定搭配: help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事 所以该空填动词原形 结合选项可知improve your language skills提高你的语言技能, 符合题意,
9、 故选C76B 考查连词 and和; or 或者,否则; but 但是; so 因此 根据题干可知谚语: use it or lost it! 非用即失! 用连词or表否则所以该句选B 77C 考查名词辨析 diary日记; program 项目; record 记录; promise 许诺 根据题干可知固定短语: keep a record 作记录 又因关键词a 一,一个, 修饰可数名词的单数形式, 所以该空填名词 故选C 78D 考查形容词辨析 serious严重的; active积极的; honest 诚实的; brave 勇敢的 根据后一句: Dont worry about smal
10、l mistakes! 句意: 不要害怕犯错误 可知要勇敢点 又因be 后面可接形容词做表语 所以该空填形容词 选项 brave 勇敢的,是形容词, 符合题意, 故选D 79A 考查副词辨析 accurately准确地,精确地; freely自由地; completely 完全地; easily容易地 根据主句: it is likely that someone will corrct you at once句意:可能有人立马给你纠正 可知该句句意是: 如果你不能准确地使用它们 又因题干关键词use使用, 是动词, 可用副词来修饰, 所以设空处填副词 选项accurately 准确地, 是副
11、词, 符合题意, 故选A80B 考查短语 For these reasons因为这些原因; In addition另外,并且; In other words换句话说; In a word 总之 根据后面分句:you can use technology to improve your English句意: 你可以用科技来提高你的英语 可知该句还是一条提高英语的建议, 所以前面用In addition另外, 并且,相当于副词, 放在句首, 引导附加的建议 故选B2.精读短文析文意应逐句精读短文,逐题分析选项,对特定的语境作深入的理解,克服“定式思维”,根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填
12、空。要吃透文意,理解到位,应做到以下几点:第一点:从上下文的角度考虑,注意其内在联系。第二点:从词汇意义及用法、惯用方式和搭配的角度去考虑,准确判断。第三点:从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑,挖掘文章的寓意及隐含意义。第四点:从英汉两种语言的差异角度去考虑,避免错误。3.复读全文再检验在做完一篇完形填空后,文章完整了,应从头至尾读一遍,根据复读的语感和对整篇短文的理解,再次将较明显的错误改正,个别需要推敲的再做调整,尽可能少出错。【例2】Staying healthy while travelling can make your trip happier. But do you know how t
13、o keep healthy during a trip?The following information may be(31)_ to youBefore leavingWear (32)_ shoes,a hat and sunglassesTake some necessary medicine(药) with youThey can be used when you get(33)_ or have other problemsDo some exercise for weeks or months before you(34)_ if you plan to do lots of
14、walking or climbing during your trip(35)_ some foodThe first thing you need to think about is(36)_ you will travel with the foodIf you take a long trip,you should bring food such as sweets,biscuits and some fruitThey dont go bad (37) _The nearer people can bring meat,fish,eggs,milk and even salads a
15、nd vegetablesWhile travellingIf you feel tired, get enough time to have a(38)_ during your tripThen be sure to eat fruit(39)_ season and not to try dirty or bad fruitFinally,tap(水龙头) water is not always safe,so drink bottled(40)_ and always remember this31 A carefulB usefulC cheerfulD hopeful32 A co
16、mfortableB dangerousC interestingD awful33 A unhappyB excitedC sickD bored34 A waitB leaveC returnD end35 A TrustB ThrowC RepairD Prepare36 A how longB how muchC how heavyD how many37 A slowlyB quicklyC quietlyD sadly38 A stayB testC lookD rest39 A inB forC onD to40 A coffeeB juiceC waterD milk【详解】3
17、1 B 考查形容词careful 仔细的;useful 有用的;cheerful 开心的;hopeful 有希望的结合语境可知此处表示以下信息也许对你来说有用,选B32 A 考查形容词comfortable 舒适的;dangerous 危险的;interesting 有趣的;awful 糟糕的结合语境可知此处表示穿上舒适的鞋子,帽子,戴上眼镜,选A33 C 考查形容词unhappy 不开心的;excited 激动的;sick 生病的;bored 无聊的由Take some necessary medicine(药) with you可知此处表示的是当你生病了或遇到问题了它们可以用得上,选C34
18、 B 考查动词wait 等待;leave 离开;return 回归;end 结束结合语境可知此处表示如果你计划在旅行期间要多步行或攀爬,在你离开前要做几个星期或几个月的运动,选B35 D 考查动词trust 信任;throw 扔;repair 修理;prepare 准备由文章可知这段讲的是离开前要作的准备,此处表示准备一些食物,选D36 A 考查疑问短语how long 多久;how much 多少;how heavy 多重;how many 多少由 If you take a long trip, you should bring food such as sweets, biscuits
19、and some fruit可知此处讲的是要考虑的第一件事就是你要带着这些食物旅行多久,选A37 B 考查副词slowly 慢慢地;quickly 快速地;quietly 安静地;sadly 伤心地上文提到的sweets, biscuits and some fruit是不容易坏的,所以此处表示它们不会很快坏掉,选B38 D 考查名词stay 停留;test 测试;look 看;rest 休息由If you feel tired可知此处表示在你的旅行期间要得到足够的休息,选D39 A 考查介词in 在里;for 为了;on 在上;to 到in season 应季的,时令的由not to try
20、 dirty or bad fruit可知此处表示确保要吃应季的水果,选A40 C 考查名词coffee 咖啡;juice 果汁;water 水;milk 牛奶由tap(水龙头) water is not always safe可知此处表示所以喝瓶装水,并时刻记住这一点,选C Part 3解题原则 1.上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发,从大处着手,避免孤立地分析每一空格,造成误选。2.语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。3.逻辑合理。在完形填空题中,逻辑推理非常重要,有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确,但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。4.符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多,需要熟练掌握
21、,才能做好此类题目。【例题1】 You want to run across the street to catch the bus which is leaving soon? But(36)_ ! Youd better notIf a policeman sees you,youll have to pay a fine(罚款)New traffic laws say that(37)_ people cross the street when the light is red,they can be fined as much as(50)_yuanTraffic accidents(
22、38)_more than 104,000 people in China last yearChinese cities have more cars than ever(39)_and pedestrians(行人)must work together to make the streets saferThe law has new rules for drivers and pedestriansDrivers have to(40) _ when they are close to crosswalksIf people are in a crosswalk,cars must sto
23、p to let them passThere are(41)_for bus drivers,tooIf bus drivers smoke,drink or make phone calls while driving,policemen will fine themBuses that carry too many people are(42)_against(违反)the lawPedestrians will have to walk more (43) _under the new lawThey must cross streets at crosswalksAlso,they
24、shouldnt climb over the fences(隔离栏)to cross streetsIf you see a hit-and-nm,tell the police They may give you a reward And dont be(44)_to help people to the hospital if they are hurt in an accidentDont worry about moneyThe new law says that(45)_must take care of them even if they cant pay right away3
25、6 A hurryB lookC waitD listen37 A ifB whileC soD though38 A didB killedC diedD ran39 A ParentsB DriversC PolicemenD Tourists40 A get offB keep goingC speed upD slow down41 A lettersB articlesC rulesD exercises42 A alsoB sometimesC neverD often43 A safelyB slowlyC quicklyD happily44 A happyB afraidC
26、sadD great45 A studentsB teachersC helpersD doctors【答案】CABBD CAABD【解析】36C考查动词A匆忙B看C等D听句意你想跑过马路去赶那辆即将离开的公共汽车吗?但_,你最好不要可知,应该是等待选C37A考查连词A如果B当时候C所以D虽然句意_人们在_灯时横穿马路,就是罚款50元可知,用if引导的条件状语从句,意思是如果选A38 B 考查动词,A did 做 B killed杀害 C died死亡 D ran跑, 根据Traffic accidentsmore than (104,000)people in China last year
27、,可知去年在中国有104,000人死于交通事故,故选B39 B 考查名词,A Parents父母 B Drivers驾驶员 C Policemen警察 D Tourists游客, 根据and pedestrians(行人)must work together to make the streets safer结合选项,推出句意:司机和行人必须一起努力维护交通安全,故选B40 D 考查短语,A get off下车 B keep going一直走 C speed up加速 D slow down 减速,根据when they are close to crosswalks,可知在人行道上,司机必须
28、减速,故选D41C考查名词A信B文章C规则D练习句意对公交车司机也有着新的_根据下一句If bus drivers smoke,drink or make phone calls while driving,they can be fined如果公共汽车司机在开车时抽烟、喝酒或打电话,他们可能会被罚款可知,应该是规则,选C42A 考查副词,A also 也B sometimes有时 C never从不 D often经常, 根据Buses that carry too many people are against(违反)the law,可知公交车司机也会违反交通规则,故选A43 A 考查副词
29、,A safely安全地 B slowly慢地 C quickly快速地 D happily 幸福地,根据Pedestrians will have to walk more under the new law,结合选项,推出句意:在新交规下,行人在路上行走时更要注意安全,故选A44 B考查形容词A开心的B害怕的C伤心的D伟大的句意不要_帮助受伤的人们去医院可知,应该是不要害怕选B45 D 考查名词,A students学生 B teachers老师 C helpers助理工人 D doctors医生, 根据 help people to the hospital if they are hu
30、rt in an accident,可知在医院,病人没钱,医生也要抢救病号,故选D讲解用时:15分钟难度:3 适用场景:当堂例题 例题来源:吴中区期末 年份:2017【练习1】 A hot dog is one of the most popular American foodIt was named after Frankfurter,a German food. You may hear hot dog(36)_in other waysPeople sometimes(37)_ hot dog to express pleasure(快乐)For example,a friend may
31、 ask(38)_you would like to go to the cinemaYou might say,GreatId love to Or,you could say,(39)_!Id love to go People(40)_ use the expression to describe someone who is a show-off,who tries to show everyone else how(41)_he isYou often hear such a(n)(42) _called a hot dogHe may be a basketball player,
32、for example,who(43) the ball with one hand making a(n)(44) _catch seem more difficultYou know he is a hot dog because when he makes such a catch,he bows(鞠躬) to crowd,hoping to(45)_ their cheers36AcookedBeatenCpickedDused37AspeakBtellCtalkDsay38AwhereBhowCifDwhen39AExcuse meBDont worryCNever mindDHot
33、 dog40AeverByetCalsoDstill41AkindBhopefulCgreatDcareful42ApersonBdogChandDaction43AcatchesBplaysCthrowsDpasses44AfunnyBeasyCexcitingDgood45AloseBwinCavoidDexplain【答案】DDCDC CAABB【解析】36 D 考查动词,结合下文可知本文讲的是 hot dog 的特殊用法,即 hot dog 被用(used)在其它方面cook 意为烹饪,eat 意为吃,pick 意为采摘,拾取,均不符合文意故正确答案为D37 D 考查动词,结合下文 h
34、ot dog 可知说(say)的是内容,选 saytell 意为告诉,讲述,指把一件事或一个故事讲出来,有连续诉说之意;talk 为不及物动词,意为谈话,多和介词搭配使用;speak 意为讲;发言,做及物动词时,表示说某种语言这三项均不符合题意故正确答案为D38 C 考查副词,结合上下文,可知此处指的是你是否(if)想去看电影where 意为在哪儿,how 意为如何,怎样,when 意为什么时候,均不符合文意故正确答案为C39 D 考查短语,结合上文 hot dog to express pleasure 可知,下文给出的例子是用 Hot dog 来代替 GreatExcuse me 意为打扰
35、了,Dont worry 意为别担心,Never mind 意为没关系,均不符合题意故正确答案为D40C 考查副词,结合下文可知,此处讲的是 hot dog 的另一种用法,即人们也(also)用这种表达来描述爱显摆的人ever 意为曾经,yet 意为然而,尚未,still 意为仍旧,均不符合题意故正确答案为C41C 考查形容词,结合上下文可知,这种人喜欢向别人显摆自己多么了不起(great)kind 意为善良的,hopeful 意为有希望的,careful 意为细心的,体贴的,均不符合题意故正确答案为C42 A 考查名词,结合下文的人称代词 He 指代前句的内容可知,此空填 persondog
36、 意为狗,hand 意为手,action 意为行为,均不符合题意故正确答案为A 43A 考查动词,结合下文 making a(n)catch seem more difficult 可知,前一句讲的就是接球catch the ball 为固定搭配,意为接球主语为 who,指代前文中的 a basketball player,故谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式故 catches 符合题意play 意为打(球);玩,throw 意为扔,丢,pass 意为传,均不符合题意故正确答案为A44 B 考查形容词,结合上下文可知,一个喜欢显摆的人肯定会将一个看似容易的(easy)接球弄得很困难funny 意为
37、有趣的;滑稽的,exciting 意为兴奋的;激动的,good 意为好的,均不符合题意故正确答案为B45 B 考查动词,结合上文可知,一个喜欢将容易的事情弄得复杂,从而来显摆自己的人,为的是赢取(win)他人的欢呼喝彩lose 意为失去;丢失,avoid 意为避免,explain 意为解释,均不符合题意故正确答案为B【例题2】 March 22nd is World Water DayIt started in 1993It not only makes us think about the importance of water,but also calls on(号召)us to(1) _
38、and protect waterToday,were facing terrible water problemsAmong them,wastewater problem is especially(2)_And the subject of World Water Day in 2017 iswastewaterWhat is wastewater?It is used waterUsually,wastewater comes from homes,(3)_,hospitals and so onIt is produced by different kinds of activiti
39、es,including washing the machines,taking showers and using the kitchenThe rain also(4)_wastewater when it is running down the street during a stormNo matter where it comes from,this kind of water is sure to have(5)_harmful in it(6)_must we treat(处理)wastewater?Wastewater has a big influence on our li
40、feIt causes both illness for us and pollution for the environmentWe must care for our environment and our own(7)_How can we treat wastewater?Different kinds of wastewater need different ways of treatmentWastewater(8)_homes can be reusedThen there will be(9)_wastewaterAlso,factory wastewater has to b
41、e cleaned(10)_it goes back to nature1AdrinkBsaveCcarryDwatch2AeasyBpopularCsmallDserious3AfactoriesBlakesCriversDseas4Agets backBhands inCchanges intoDpicks up5AnothingBsomethingCnobodyDsomebody6AWhatBWhoCWhyDHow7AworkBinterestChealthDbusiness8AonBforCwithDfrom9,AlessBmoreCbetterDworse10AandBwhether
42、CafterDbefore【答案】BDACB CCDAD【解析】1答案:B考查动词及语境的理解,drink喝,save节省,carry携带,watch观看,联系上文可知这里:世界节水日号召人们节约用水故选:B2答案:D考查形容词及语境的理解,easy容易的,popular受欢迎的,small小的,serious严肃的,严重的; 从后一句污水是2017年的主题,因此知道是严重的问题,故选D3答案:A考查名词及语境的理解,factories工厂,lakes湖泊,rivers河流,seas海洋,从homes,hospitals知道是产生污水之地,故选:A4答案:C考查动词短语及语境的理解,get b
43、ack取回,hand in上交,change into变成,pick up捡起来,根据上文可知:废水是由各种各样的活动产生的,包括洗衣机、淋浴和使用厨房根据下文also知道是与前面相同的是下雨也产生污水故选:C5答案:B考查不定代词及语境的理解,nothing什么也没有,表示否定意义;something某物,通常用于肯定句;nobody没有人,表示否定意义;somebody有人,通常用于肯定句;污水是对人有伤害的,排除A和C,it是指污水,它里面应该是物质而不是人,故选B6答案:C考查疑问词及语境的理解,what什么,询问某物,who谁,询问人物;why为什么,询问原因;how怎样,询问方式或
44、程度;根据后面的回答,介绍了处理废水的原因,即为什么必须进行废水处理?故选C7答案:C考查名词及语境的理解,work工作,interest兴趣,health健康,business生意,既然污水对人体与环境有危害,那么我们就应该关心环境与身体健康,故选C8答案:D考查介词及语境的理解,这可以根据41空前wastewater comes from homes知道答案家中的污水进行再次使用,故选D9答案:A考查形容词及语境的理解,less更少的,修饰不可数名词;more更多的,better更好的,worse更坏的,根据上文:家里产生的废水再次使用由此可以推断出:将有更少的废水故选A10答案:D考查连词及语境的理解,and和;whether是否; after之后;before之前,结合句意:工厂在排放污水前应该进行处理清洁,以减少对环境的污染,故选D【练习2】 Humans are mammals(哺乳动物)Most mammals are born able to do many thingsSome can walk within a few minutes