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1、专题13 作文之议论文议论文写作是英语书面表达考察的一种题型，在中考英语书面表达中出现的频率较高，通常以提纲式与半命题形式出现。在中考中，学生应该掌握议论文的基本写作方法以及技巧。Part 1概念议论文就是运用一定的材料，通过一定的论证方法来表明自己的立场、观点和态度的文章。议论文与说明文密切相关。二者的相似之处在于：都有说理成分，都是解释某个事实或某个思想的文体。 区别：说明文是客观的解释说明某一事物、观点等。而议论文则通过作者主观上的说理和论证来影响读者的思想和行动。议论文要有三部分构成: 论点、论据和论证。 Part 2论点任何一篇议论文必须有论点。议论文的论点是指作者在文章中所表明的主
2、张、见解或观点，它是议论文的核心内容，是议论文的纲。议论文对论点的要求是：正确、鲜明、新颖。议论文的论点通常用I believe, as far as Im concerned, in my opinion, to my mind, however, yet, unfortunately等词语引出。有时，作者不使用这些词语，而是直接表达自己的观点。1）议论文的论点必须是可争辩的。例如，I dont think euthanasia is humane和I believe that issuing lottery tickets is a good way to collect funds fo
3、r social welfare projects都是可争议的论点。相反，事实、个人偏爱、或已被科学证实为人们普遍接受的观点通常都是不可争辩的，因此不是好的论点。例如，language is a tool for communication, my favorite food is fish, pollution is harmful to peoples health都不适合做论点。2）论点必须鲜明，不能含含糊糊在开始学习议论文写作时，最好把论点放在开头，因为这样做能达到开宗明义、开门见山的效果，也为后面的论述创造条件。尤其是在考试中，一篇议论文的字数不多，应尽快地摆出论点，使文章中心明确，
4、更应该把论点置于文章的开头。议论文开头的写法也不是千篇一律。以下是常用的几种方法：开门见山：文章一开始就提出作者的观点。比如，在写一篇题为Why Do We Study English?的议论文时，可以直接开门见山：We study English to communicate with more people, not just to pass the various English tests. 设问作答：这种方法是先提出一个问题，让人思索，不等找到答案，论点自然道出。同样是以上题目，也可以这样引出论点：Why do we study English? Do we study Englis
5、h to pass the tests? Do we study English because we like it? After reflecting on these questions, I have realized that we study English for several reasons.引用入题：先引述名言或当事人的话语，再联系自己做一番发挥，提出论点。以上题目，也可以这样引出论点：Many years ago, English writer Rudyard Kipling said, “East is East, and West is West and never
6、the twain shall meet.” But truth is, nowadays Easterners and Westerners meet quite often Part 3论据与论证论据是论证过程必备的手段。没有论据的论证空洞无物，形似枯槁。论据的来源有：事实依据（例证法）、数据显示、名言警句、格言、科学理论、专家见解等。通过一定的逻辑思维能力和语言表达能力，将论据组织起来，达到证明观点的效果。论证过程应做到：有理有据，逻辑清晰，层次分明，观点明确。论证方法有：（1）归纳法：从个别到一般。通过考察一类事物中某些对象或全部对象具有的特性，推断出该类事物都有这一属性。（2）演绎法
7、：与归纳法相反，是由一般到个别。是从既有的普遍性结论或一般性事理，推导出个别性结论的一种方法。（3）驳论法：首先给出一个谬误的观点，然后加以批驳，最后确立自己的观点。叙述的人称(可以是第一人称也可以是第三人称)通常是一贯到底而不是随意变换的。若需要交替使用两种人称,则要在人称替换处交代清楚,要通过适当的过渡提醒读者。 Part 4四大类型根据论述的方法和角度，议论文大致可分为四种类型：对立观点型、问题解决型、说明利弊型和阐述主题型。1）观点对立型议论文基本步骤：引出话题摆出观点我的观点。还可细分为：1.1 引出话题摆出一种观点表明我与之相对的另一种观点1.2 引出话题分别提出两种观点表明我同意
8、其中一种观点并说明1.3 引出话题分别提出了两种观点表明任何一种观点我都不同意并提出自己的观点.注意：倘若选择上面1.1或1.3的模式，那么可以在第二部分里留有足够的“谬论”空间， 以便自己在后面加以反驳并建立自己的观点。若选择1.2模式，注意在第二部分写到自己同意的一方的观点时不要着墨太多，而应当把充分的文字语言流到第三部分加强自己的论证。以避免论据的重复。2）问题解决型议论文问题解决型议论文是遵循：提出问题分析问题解决问题的基本步骤进行的。审题时要弄清什么样的现象，第二部分要给出具体原因，第三部分给出相应对策。为了使文章有序，最好用firstly, secondly, finally et
9、c.的过渡词。3）说明利弊型议论文这种是针对某一事物或现象从正反两方面分析他的优缺点，然后表明自己的看法，此类作文一般可以写成“三段式”或“四段式”的文章。具体写作步骤：描述现象表明其优点说明其缺点我的看法或观点。4）阐述主题型议论文阐述型议论文主要就某一问题正面阐述自己的观点，说明自己的理由。 阐述主题型议论文写作步骤：a.揭示成语、谚语、格言的蕴义以例证展开论证结论（号召或建议）b. 引出主题按照提纲要求进一步分析主题结论（联系实际给出建议）。这种题型大多是带有说明色彩的议论文， 它要求考生从一句话或一个主题出发， 阐述其内涵，说明其重要性并以自己的观点或自身经验结尾。【例题】你们班将就以
10、下话题展开讨论：学生在学校学得够多了吗？（Are students learning enough in school？）请你写一篇发言稿，稿子内容必须包括：你的观点；你的理由【详解】It is universally acknowledged that students learn in schoolHowever，there is a heated discussion on whether students are learning enough in schoolSome believe that lessons in school have already occupied most
11、 time of studying while others argue that learning is a lifelong issue and school is far from enough（列举他人的观点） Personally，I am for the latter【高分句型一】（提出自己的观点：学生只在学校里学习是远远不够的）On one hand，learning is not merely about taking lessons and exams in schoolIt could take place everywhereFor instance，one can kn
12、ow much about a citys history through travelling，explore the essence of four major masterpieces in books and admire the boundless and great universe from the impeccable pictures and videos through media（从一个方面，举例论证自己的观点）On the other hand，learning cannot be measured by time（从另一个方面，论述自己的观点）School is a
13、threshold for students to learn in the futureIt is a place where students are taught how to approach to knowledge，not how to get as much know-how as possible【高分句型二】Considering the span of study in school and the immensity of knowledge，we are incapable of learning it all in school，arent we？To put all
14、 into a nutshell，learning，a process which lasts immortally not only in length but also in width，will never be enoughWe shouldnt define learning to be a status occurring only in schoolInstead，we should always bear in mind that live and learn，as the old saying goes（引用谚语，重申论点）精讲精练【例题1】 根据新规，上海高中生必须在毕业前
15、完成至少60小时的志愿者实践活动 （public service practice），这项政策引发了人们的热议有人抱怨60小时太长，占用了学生的学习时间；也有人认为志愿者实践活动是有意义的，有助于培养学生社会责任感对此，你的看法如何？请写一篇120-150 词左右的文章表达你的观点（注意：文章中不得出现本人真实的姓名与学校）【答案】Recently，there is a hot topic that Shanghai high school students must accomplish at least 60 class hours of public service practice w
16、hich is a prerequisite for graduationThis policy has triggered a wide discussion and various reactionsDifferent people have different opinionsPersonally speaking，this policy isnt good to students（针对新规，提出了自己的看法；即提出论点）First of all，students may be refused in a pubic service projectOne of my classmates
17、said that a group of students once appied for volunteer positions in a library and were refusedThe library gave them the volunteer certificates directly and dismissed themSo sometimes there are obstacles that stop students from putting their enthusiasm into practice，and students cant choose the pubi
18、c service they like to do【高分句型一】It seems that under some circumstances，high school students pubic service becomes a mere formality（举实例论证了学生们并不被一些公共服务部门所接受，高中生的公共服务也只是流于形式）Besides，the motive of the policy is to make students more engaged in social practice，but the goal is hard to achieve as long as t
19、he whole education system remains unchangedStudents have a lot of homework to do，and at weekends，most students will go to tutorial centers to have supplementary placeI think the time set of 60 hours is too longIt will even take up some of studentsstudy time，so it is time-consuming（结合现在的教育体制以及学生们学习非常
20、紧张的现状，论证了该项新规并不能达到其预期的目标）Last but no the least，the policy results in the comparison between schoolsSome schools compare their studentstotal hours of pubic service practice with other schoolIf students havent reached the set time，teachers will criticize them and force them to do service practice at a
21、 set place，which made students unhappy and angry【高分句型二】（从新规的实施可能会引发的后果论证了它会使得学生们的社会实践活动失去本来的意义）In conclusion，public service is a meaningful thing only if students do it voluntarily instead of being forced So students should finish their study first，and then do the public service practice in their sp
22、are time（得出结论：只有当学生自愿而不是在被强迫的情况下，公共服务才是一件有意义的事情因此，学生应该首先完成学业，然后利用业余时间再去从事社会实践活动）【解析】首先应注意议论文写作的三个要素：1、提出论点；2、组织论据，进行论证；3、得出结论； 其次，除了学会套用一些常用的句型和短语外，还需要根据题目的具体内容和要求，灵活地选用句式；另外，根据句子语气的需要，可在英语句中适当地增加一些情态动词should/can/may/had better/must，以及句与句之间合理使用一些并列、递进、转折等关系的关联词语，这样，议论文的结构会更加严谨，更具说服力和感染力【练习1】 你班将召开一次
23、主题班会，探讨高中生在成长过程中遇到的烦恼请根据自己实际生活中遇到的学习、交友、代沟、同龄人攀比等现象进行思考，写一篇发言稿文章需包括：1你在实际生活中遇到的至少两种烦恼及其简要介绍；2你应对这些烦恼所采取的举措和建议【答案】Boys and girs，We high school students do have some growing pains but we can get rid of them correctly and wiselyFirst，some of us are upset about their figures and looksIts unnecessary and
24、 its not impoatant at allWe neednt care about itIt is ones inner beauty that matters（高分句型）Second，we sometimes seem to be misunderstood by our teachers，parents and classmatesFacing this，we can find a proper time to have a heart to heart talk with them，trying to remove the misunderstanding（高分句型）Some o
25、f us have fewer friendsI think being openminded and friendly will do us goodThird，we work efficiently，full of determinationLast，some of us dont have much pocket money，so they feel unhappy（说明原因）Isnt it strange？So long as we have some，thats enoughAnd we can learn to earn money!Thats allThank you【解析】本书
26、面表达是一篇议论文，写作时应注意根据所提观点进行符合逻辑的论述高分句型一：It is ones inner beauty that matters一个人的内在美是最重要的高分句型二：Facing this，we can find a proper time to have a heart to heart talk with them，trying to remove the misunderstanding面对这些，我们能找到一个合适的时机和他们进行心灵的沟通，尽量的消除误会【例题2】 有的人认为多给予孩子表扬和鼓励有助于他们的成长，有的人则相信及时指出孩子的缺点并适当惩罚能帮助他们改正错误
27、你支持哪一种教育方式，请谈谈你的看法和理由【答案】The famous Chinese saying that its the partentsfault if the child is not well taught indicates that family plays a very important role in childrens growthWhile another idiom goes like thisbirds of a feather flock together，which affirms friendsgreart infuence on people（高分句型一）
28、Both sayings are ok，but in my point of view，family has the most important infulence on young adultsIt is obvious that famliy plays an important role in our lifeAs young adults are not yet independent，mostly they live with their families and then inevitably they have a subtle influence on young adult
29、s characterAdolescence is a vital period of ones lifeMany people form their character and outlook on life in their youthWithout parentsinstruction or influence，its easy for children to go bad（高分句型二）On the whole，compared with their peers，family is more important to teenagers. Parents must provide the
30、 best environment and behave themselves betterParents can only give good advice and put them on right roads，and the final forming of their charcter lies in their own hands【解析】本书面表达为议论文，议论文是对某现象或观点进行点评写作时，应注意按提出、分析、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排文章结构，使用足够的论据来分层次论证自己的观点高分句型一：While another idiom goes like thisbirds of a
31、feather flock together，which affirms friendsgreart infuence on people然而另一个习语说物以类聚，这一说法证明朋友对人们的影响是非常大的高分句型二：Without parentsinstruction or influence，its easy for children to go bad没有父母的正确引导和影响，孩子很容易误入歧途【练习2】 随着社会的发展，通讯的方式从远古时代的书信到当今的互联网，经历着巨大的变化请你写一篇短文，谈谈你对现代通讯工具的使用及看法内容包括：1 你喜欢使用的通讯方式有哪些？2 它们的优点和缺点是什
32、么？3 你认为使用现代通讯工具要注意什么？要求：1 不能照抄原文，不得在作文中出现真实的学校名称和姓名；2 语意连贯，词数80左右开头已给出，不计入总词数【答案】As time goes by，there are many different kinds of communication methods nowAs for me，I prefer to chat with others by mobile phone，but sometimes I chat by communication software， such as WeChat and QQ（喜欢使用的通讯方式）Mobile ph
33、ones bring great convenience to people，but people can only hear the sound by phonesBy using net software，we can easily see the people we talk to on the Internet（高分句型）However，sometimes we concern more about mobile phones instead of the people around（优点和缺点）In my opinion，we should pay more attention to
34、 the face to face communication and try not to waste too much time on mobile phones（高分句型）（使用现代通讯工具要注意的事情）【解析】短文第一段，巧妙地指出自己使用的三种通讯工具：手机、微信、QQ，prefer to do， 两个by短语及such as等等的使用，准确，恰当；第二段描述通讯工具的优点与缺点，语言简捷精炼本段用了带有定语从句的复合句，by doing sth， instead of，bring sth to 等等短语及句型结构的准确使用，增加了短文的文彩最后一段描述自己的观点：in my opi
35、nion， pay attention to， try not to do sth几个短文的使用，为本段增色不少短文层次清楚，中心突出，是一篇较好的范文【例题3】 你们学校正在创建节水型学校，请你倡议全体师生关注水资源，节约用水内容包括：（1）节约用水重要性：离开水人类就无法生存（2）现状：可供人类饮用的水越来越少；浪费水的情况严重；水污染现象等（3）措施：如：节约每一滴水，具体要求：（1）所写内容必须包括上面提示的所有要点，可适当发挥，但不要逐字翻译；（2）词数：80词左右，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；（3）语句通顺，意思连贯，条理清楚，字迹工整【答案】As we know， water
36、 is very important to man，and we cant live without waterThe amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and lessBut some people dont care about itThey waste a lot of water in their daily life Even worse，they pour dirty water into riversThey throw rubbish into rivers，too Something must be don
37、eto stop the pollutionI think what we can do is that we have to save every drop of water as possible as we canFor example， we must turn off the tap immediately after we use itI believe if everyone makes a little effort， we can make a big difference【解析】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己
38、的思想，进而完成写作任务【练习3】 假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你校校报英文版正在进行征稿活动，请你根据以下要点写一篇题为On the Internet的征文稿：（1）网络给人们带来的便利；（2）网络引发的问题；（3）你对待网络的态度 注意：（1）词数100左右；（2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯【答案】The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life On the Internet， We can send messages， make phone calls， read kinds of bo
39、oks and learn foreign languages by ourselves We can even do shopping on the Internet（网络给人们带来的便利）However， the websites not only contain good information， but harmful information as well， which can mislead people（高分句型） There are also annoying advertisements and illegal information on the Internet（网络引发
40、的问题）Whether you like it or not， the internet has made our life more colorful If our government takes necessary measures， I firmly believe that the Internet will provide more convenience for us（高分句型）（对待网络的态度）【解析】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务高分句型：However， the websites no
41、t only contain good information， but harmful information as well， which can mislead people然而，网站不仅含有良好的信息，而且有害的信息，这可能误导人句子考查not only but also表示不仅而且 If our government takes necessary measures， I firmly believe that the Internet will provide more convenience for us如果我们政府采取必要的措施，我坚信互联网将为我们提供更多的便利这里if引导一
42、个条件状语从句课后作业 对于中学生在校是否可以使用手机，不同学生有不同的看法，请你根据下面表格中的 提示写一篇短文，向某英语报社投稿观点赞成反对理由1 便于联系2 获取信息1 浪费时间2 危害身心健康你的观点及理由要求：（1）短文应包括要求的所有信息；（2）80词左右（开头已给出，不计入总词数）；（3）信中不得出现你的真实姓名、学校名和地名【答案】Can middle school students use mobile phones at school？Nowadays， more and more teenagers use mobile phones Can middle school
43、students use mobile phones at school？ Different students have different opinions about it（引出话题）Some students think they can use mobile phones at school First，its convenient for them to call their parents， teachers or friends （高分句型）Second， they can search what they need on mobile phones For example，
44、they can look up new words and look through news （赞成意见）However， some students disagree They think using mobile phones at school is a waste of time （高分句型）Many students spend too much time on games and QQ Besides， its unhealthy for the mind and the body， such as hurting eyes， making some bad friends（反对意见）In my opinion， students shouldnt use mobile phones at school Its bad for our health and study（我的观点）【解析】书面表达，要注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，要认真审题，不能偏离主题；而且要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点；在保证正确的基础上，尽量使用并列句和复合句等高分句型在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。