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1、考点26 阅读理解主旨大意之段落大意（核心考点精讲精练）1. 2021-2023年三年高考真题考点分布考点题型段落大意阅读理解2023 试卷类型设问考点2023浙江1月高考C篇31What can we learn from the last paragraph?段落大意2023新高考I卷 D篇32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?段落大意20222022新高考I卷阅读D14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?段落大意2022全国甲卷 D阅读D32. What is the first paragrap
2、h mainly about?段落大意20212021年全国乙卷B篇24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?段落大意2021年6月浙江卷 C篇10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?段落大意2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中段落大意的考查共计6次，主要考查：根据阅读文章中的某一段落，概括段落大意。概括段落大意的方法：1.利用主题句；2.没有主题句，总结段落大意。【备考策略】系统归类段落大意的总结方法，尤其是主题句、同义句表达的技巧；熟练
3、掌握阅读技能。【命题预测】2024年阅读理解对段落大意的考查仍然是重点。【2024年高考命题预测】主旨大意之段落大意考点是高考中的必考点。一篇文章有多个段落，为什么把题出在其中的某个段落？因为这个段落在文章中起着至关重要的作用，这些段落或引出话题或承上启下或总结全文。命题者的意图是明确的，他们着眼于文章中起重要作用的段落进而设题。预测在2024高考中，段落大意题会继续在高考阅读理解中呈现。【主旨大意之段落大意考点指南】段落大意题常考问题： The main point /idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about The passage
4、 mainly discusses The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?近几年高考段落大意考查的特点：考查的段落一般没有主题句，这需要考生对整段进行归纳，找出段落的重点，总结段落大意。 2023新高考全国卷DOn March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which
5、illustrated what has come to be known as the“wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors are
6、nt always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors wont cancel each other
7、 out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, peoples errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic
8、 phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the es
9、timates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend
10、 to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they“shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and r
11、easoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.()32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A.The methods of estimation.B.The under
12、lying logic of the effect. C.The causes of peoples errors.D.The design of Galtons experiment.【2023年1月浙江卷】CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human oppon
13、ents, including Noa Ovadia, Israels former national debating champion. Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkl
14、es will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “Theres never a stage at which the system knows what its talking about.”What Hammond is referring to is the
15、question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mea
16、n. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just ho
17、w they are arranged but what they mean. Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social co
18、nventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And thats why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.31What can we learn from the last paragraph?ASocial interact
19、ion is key to understanding symbols.BThe human brain has potential yet to be developed.CAncient philosophers set good examples for debaters.DArtificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.规律方法：如何总结段落大意？段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。
20、主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】When I was a kid, a sycamore (枫树) grew in front of my home. At the age of 10, I was just tall enough to reach its lowest branch and lift myself into its embrace. Sometimes two or three of my friends would join me in the sycamore
21、, or in the maple down the street, or Mrs. DiMarcos old peach tree, some of whose stout horizontal branches allowed us to sit shoulder to shoulder, eating sweet fruit.In my small town there are some kinds of trees, their branches spreading wide, open for business. But I have not yet seen a climber.
22、Perhaps computer games have replaced tree climbing, or maybe the activity went the way of monkey bars, which came to be viewed as too risky and have largely disappeared from playgrounds.It is a sad loss. I have always believed that, since low-hanging branches provide no benefit to the tree, they mus
23、t be meant for the child. Robert Frost understood this when he wrote:When I see baches (桦树) bend to left and right,Across the lines of straighter darker trees,I like to think some boys been swinging them.My only disagreement with Frost is his inference that tree climbing is a gender-specific task. B
24、oth boys and girls make a joyful climb.The campus of the university where I teach has all sorts of trees. During a recent walk, I found myself bending under the branch of an immense spruce (云杉). I grabbed the thing, and a moment later was sitting on a branch. Then the memories came flooding back. Th
25、e old sycamore, the friends, and finally, the reluctance to return to earth when the parental call to supper came.I was so lost in my thoughts that I didnt hear the student calling to me from below. He asked what I was doing. I didnt waste time on explanations. “Come on up,” I said “The airs fine.”
26、But he only laughed and waved me off. He didnt know what he was missing.4What does the underlined word “stout” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?ASlim.BBent.CSmooth.DStrong.5What is the second paragraph mainly about?AWhy kids dont climb trees.BWhy monkey bars are dangerous.CWhy there is no business under
27、 trees.DWhy kids are addicted to computer games.6What does the author want to prove by mentioning Roberts poem?ASome branches of trees are useless.BTrees are intended for kids to climb.CTrees are a source of inspiration for poets.DClimbing trees is a unique right of boys.7What did the author think t
28、he student had missed?AThe explanations to his question.BThe fresh air above the tree.CThe pleasure of climbing trees.DThe sense of safety on earth.基础过关（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2023届广东省部分学校高三5月联合考试模拟预测】As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflat
29、ion (通货膨胀) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nobody is immune to this economy,” says Tola Olorunnisola, who leads innovation in the lab at Avantor, an inter
30、national science-management company in Pennsylvania. Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becoming more conscious of costs,” she says. The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some
31、 difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means theyre not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, theyll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take st
32、eps to make their labs more efficient. Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanford University in California, estimates that lab supplies historically account for roughly 20%of his overall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting. Without significant boosts in funding to keep
33、pace with inflation, its up to scientists to find creative ways to diminish costs. One option is to rethink experimental design. “It will probably take more than discounts from lab-supply companies to truly protect scientists from the impact of rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless something is done on
34、 a large scale to either stabilize costs or increase funding, science is likely to suffer. If you have less money, youre going to have fewer people or be less productive, which means youre going to have fewer grants (拨款) which means youre going to have fewer people. Thats probably happening to a lot
35、 of labs these days, and the question is: When is it going to stop?”12For what did Olorunnisola visit some labs in different places?ASeeing how researchers struggle against inflation.BProving everyone has to face the rising price.CLearning about the pressure of researchers.DHelping researchers overc
36、ome economic difficulty.13What is paragraph 2 mainly about?AThe cause of increasing lab costs.BThe effects of the rising lab costs.CThe tough choices of researchers.DThe ways of making labs efficient.14What does the underlined word “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?AReduce.BCalculate.CRestore.DKeep.15W
37、hich can be a suitable title for the text?AScientists face many problemsBThe price of goods is rising quicklyCLabs have to tighten supplies budgetsDPeople hold different opinions of price2.【2023届广东省部分学校高三5月联合考试模拟预测】Born in France, but raised in Spain, linguistics and literature professor Juan Jos Ci
38、ruela Alferez from the University of Granada is passionate about Chinese literature and has been doing some research about it. With painstaking effort, his Spanish translation of a Chinese classic was published last year. Ciruela said translating the novel was an interesting challenge. In recent yea
39、rs, many Chinese works have been introduced to Spain. However, as most of them had been translated first into English and then from that language into Spanish, much of the originality was lost. For this reason, when the Spanish publishing house Kailas contacted Ciruela to translate it directly from
40、Chinese, he accepted the mission immediately, even if it presented difficulties like a heavy workload within a short time limit. “I encountered various difficulties, especially at the beginning of the task,” said Ciruela in an interview. “This novel, in particular, needs a prior reading process in w
41、hich the translator gets into the plot and the characters, since at first it is difficult to enter the world that the novel constantly raises. So I read the novel first in Chinese, paying attention to all those details and how all of that could be translated in a way that the Spanish readers would u
42、nderstand. For Ciruela, the most important criterion when translating is fidelity (忠诚) to the original text. While it is true that one cannot always be strictly faithful, he believes translators should not be too far from original texts. For example, the translation of culturemes (expressions of cul
43、ture in language)is quite complicated due to the cultural gap between Spanish and Chinese. Ciruela believes that these must always be appropriate to the specific function they perform within the text, in each specific case and moment.4What does the underlined phrase “that language” probably refer to
44、?ASpanish.BEnglish.CChinese.DFrench.5What caused Ciruela to translate the Chinese classic?AHis passion for Spanish literature.BHis determination to popularize it.CThe lack of its direct translation into Spanish.DThe loss of diversity in Spanish translation.6What aspect of the translation task does p
45、aragraph 3 mainly talk about?AIts barrier.BIts principle.CIts style.DIts meaning.7What does Ciruela think is the most important in translation?AMeeting readers needs.BTargeting cultural phenomena.CBridging the cultural gap.DBeing loyal to the original text.3.【2023届海南省海口市高考模拟】A new device known as Sh
46、ark Guard is being trialed which gives off a pulse to protect sharks and rays from fishing hooks (鱼钩). The data so far suggests that it has been very effective in reducing the number of sharks and stingrays caught by commercial fishing equipment.Commercial fishing is known to threaten sharks and ray
47、s worldwide. Research has found that 24 per cent of the average monthly space used by sharks around the world falls under the-footprint of distant long line fisheries. This is when hooks hang near the surface to catch fish like tuna and swordfish. A quarter of shark habitats are within active fishin
48、g zones.It is estimated that over 20,000,000 sharks are caught as bycatch every year. Stingrays are also frequently caught as bycatch. “Bycatch” refers to unwanted fish and marine creatures caught by commercial fishing equipment, and is typically discarded (丢弃) overboard either dead or dying. Shark Guard was designed by marine scientists to protect sharks and rays from fishing equipment. It is a small battery-powered device that can be fastened