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1、定语从句一、基本概念1.定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词( that，which，who，whom，whose，as）和关系副词（when, where, why）4.关系代/副词的作用1）连接主句和从句。2）代替先行词（以免重复）。3）在定语从句中充当句子成分。4）用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语宾语Do you know the man who spoke to the headmaster just no
2、w?（1） 介词后不用that。（2） 非限制性定语从句中不用that。whom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主语宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop
3、 star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.I have seen the film about which they are talking.as人，物主语宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语We will never forget the year when th
4、e 29th Olympic Games were held in Beijing.可用in/on/at whichwhere地点地点状语Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit?可用in/on/at whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which二、关系代词的用法：1. 当先行词为人时用who或that 作主语，whom或that作宾语；2. 当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；指物时也可用that.3.
5、 whose用作定语，可指人或物；指具体事物或抽象概念时，可与of+which结构互换，但词序不同；指人时可用of whom。即whose+名词 =the+名词 +of which（或者=of which+the+名词）。例如： whose cover That is the book the cover of which is blue. of which the cover 复习：Its cover is blue.=The cover of the book is blue.注： 用of短语修饰的名词前应带“the”，而whose修饰的名词前不用冠词。 of短语放在被修饰的名词的前后均可
6、，而whose只能放在名词前。三、使用关系代词时的注意问题： 1. that与which的区别。1）用that而不用 which的情况：a.先行词为不定代词all, something, anything, everything, nothing, none等时；b.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时；c.先行词被the only, the very, any, few, little, all等词修饰时；d.先行词既有人又有物时；e.当主句为以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时；e.g. There is nothing that can prevent
7、him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。This is the best film that I have ever seen. Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 2）用which而不用 that的情况：a.引导非限制性定语从句； b.代表整
8、个主句的意思c.介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. This is the room in which my father lived last year. 2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词在人称、数方面应与先行词保持一致。e.g. I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb th
9、e hill tomorrow. 1）one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 动词复数形式Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood. 泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。 2）the only one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 动词单数形式Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部由
10、好莱坞制作的电影。3）当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.3. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.4. 关系词的省略关系词在定语从句中作及物动词的宾语时，或者作介词的宾语且介词放在句尾时，可以省略。e.g: The boy (who
11、m/who/that) we saw yesterday was John. Is this the computer room (which/that) you work in？The reason (which/that) he told us is reasonable.四、关系副词的用法：1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when (=on which) I first came to Beijing.误区警示 当先行词是时间名词时，若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用t
12、hat或which引导。 Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语） Do you remember the days that / which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that/which作spent的宾语）2. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。That is the house where (= in which) he lived ten year
13、s ago. 注：高考对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转向模糊化的“地点”。当先行词为表示“阶段，情况”等含义的抽象名词point, position, situation, atmosphere, stage, case, job等时，也常用where引导定语从句。例如：The next time you find yourself in a situation where you feel worthless, think about the most powerful hero you can imagine and how they would react in
14、your place. 下次，当你感到自己没用的时候，想出一位在你看来最强大的英雄，以及在你这种情况下，他们会如何做出反应。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了彼此必须分手的地步。误区警示 当先行词为地点名词时，若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that/ which引导定语从句。3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。I know the reason why (=for which) she was so angry.注：why作关系副词只用在reason后面。
15、“关系副词介词 + which”误区警示 当代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则用that/ which引导定语从句。五、定语从句关系词选择步骤（1）判断是否是定语从句（修饰名词、代词或一整句话，放在后面）;（2）判断是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句;（3）分析定语从句中所缺的成分; 缺主语或宾语（关系代词that, which, who, whom） 缺定语（关系代词whose） 缺状语（关系副词when, where, why）1）I still remember the days which we spent together. 2）I still remem
16、ber the days when (= in which) we worked together.技巧：看（在汉语中）先行词能否放到从句谓动后面作宾语。This is the factory that/ which we visited last year.This is the factory where we worked together last year.I dont know the reason why he didnt do his homework.I dont know the reason that/ which he told you.六、定语从句用法其他要点1.限制
17、性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1) 限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）(2) 非限制性定语从句：从句与先行词关系不密切，去掉定语从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能用that引导。e.g. Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）2.“介词 + 关系代词”的用
18、法“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词常用的有which, whom, whose, 不可用that和who。例如：This is the book for which I paid 5 yuan.The old man has two sons, both of whom are doctors.Shes the very person in whose pocket I found my lost watch. 介词的确定主要遵循以下三个原则：(1) 根据与定语从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定 In the dark street, there wasnt a single person
19、to whom she could turn for help.在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help)(2) 根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。（be interested in)(3) 根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country
20、.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。（during the time)(4) 根据所表达的意思来确定The colorless gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。3. as和which的用法区别(1) which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后，as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句之前，之中和之后。She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成工作了，我对此深感怀疑。As anybody c
21、an see, a computer can do almost everything people can.正如人们所看到的那样，计算机几乎能做到人所能做的一切事。(2) as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，意为“正如，正像”。which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，意为“这一点，这件事”。As is known to all, China is a country with the largest population in the world.众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。He sold his bicycle, which surprised m
22、e. 他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。(3) 引导限制性定语从句时，as常用于such.as, so.as, the same.as结构中。Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected. 那些对世界作出重大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。I want the same shirt as my friends. 我想要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。(4) 在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词，如 see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, s
23、how, expect, guess等的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。As we all expected, the plan turned out to be very successful.正如我们所期望的，该计划很成功。4. 注意way和time后接定语从句的情况形式：(1) 当先行词是way (意为“方式，方法”），定语从句中缺宾语时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：The way that ( which /不填) he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。（从句中缺少宾语）而当定语从句中缺状语时，引导定语从
24、句的关系词有以下三种形式：The way that ( in which /不填) he explained the sentence to us was difficult to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方法很难理解。（从句中缺少状语）(2) 先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间”讲，应用关系副词when或介词during + which引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家。There was a time when/during which there were no radios, telephones or TV sets.曾经有一段时期没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视机。6学科网（北京）股份有限公司