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1、绝密启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码:201）考生注意事项承1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡 指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷 条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由 考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须 书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在 草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
2、写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）公众号：给力考研资料Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text:.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memor
3、y and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One st
4、udy found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from mor
5、e than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11For women,the association may be 12 to chang
6、es in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat；in men,the immune system did not appear to be 13.It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences andperhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mas
7、s as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintainingor increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.英语（一）试题.1.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料1.A.p
8、ausesB.returnsC.peaksD.fades2.A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally3.A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until4.A.detectionB.accumulationC.consumptionD.separation5.A.possibilityB.decisionC.goalD.requirement6.A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize7.A.modifiedB.supportedC.includedD.predicted8.A.devotedB.compar
9、edC.convertedD.applied9.A.withB.aboveC.byD.against10.A.livedB.managedC.scoredD.played11.A.ran outB.set offC.drew inD.went by12.A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant13.A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled14.A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explain15.A.compensationsB.symptomsC.demandsD.treatment
10、s16.A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead17.A.changeB.watchC.countD.take18.A.well-beingB.processC.formationD.coordination19.A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space20.A.designB.routineC.dietD.prescriptionSection U Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions af
11、ter each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英语（一）试题.2.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train
12、rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This years rise,an average of 2.7 per cent,may be a fraction lower than last years,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.Succe
13、ssive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be bome by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of
14、a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However,over the past
15、 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to tra
16、vel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum
17、service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must a
18、lso endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in sho
19、rt order.英语（一）试题.3.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料21.The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger faresA.has kept pace with inflationB.is a big surprise to commutersC.remains an unreasonable measureD.will ease train operations burden22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for_A.rail trave
20、lersB.car driversC.local investorsD.ordinary taxpayers23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators_.A.have suffered huge losses owing to the strikesB.have failed to provide an adequate serviceC.are offering compensation to commutersD.are trying to repair relations with the unions24.If unab
21、le to calm down passengers,the railways may have to faceA.the loss of investmentB.the collapse of operationsC.a reduction of revenueD.a change of ownership25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B.Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkC.Can Nationa
22、lisation Bring Hope?D.Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable英语（一）试题.4.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料Text 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesias bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the countrys antipoverty program.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing
23、in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They
24、re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection a
25、re often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated w让h environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations dont prove cause and
26、effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the en
27、vironment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 in
28、cluding during Indonesias phase-in of the antipoverty programin 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces.We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,M Ferraro says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies agains
29、t inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Ferraro suggests the res
30、ults may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty,Ferraro says,“the value o
31、f the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”英语（一）试题.5.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料26.According to the first two paragraphs,CCT programs aim to_.A.facilitate health care reformB.help poor families get better offC.improve local education systemsD.lower defor
32、estation rates27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_.A.cattle raising has been a major means of livelihood for the poorB.CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC.antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmersD.economic growth tends to cause en
33、vironmental degradation28.In his study about Indonesia,Ferraro intends to find out.A.its acceptance level of CCTsB.its annual rate of poverty alleviationC.the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD.the role of its forests in climate change29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is most va
34、luable inthat_.A.it will benefit other Asian countriesB.it will reduce regional inequalityC.it can protect the environmentD.it can boost grain production30.What is the text centered on?A.The effects of a program.B.The debates over a program.C.The process of a study.D.The transferability of a study.英
35、语（一）试题.6.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料Text 3As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past,Fve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Fve found quit
36、e a few,andsince I started posting them on Twitterthey have been causing quite a stir.People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade awa
37、y through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians?makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900,the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of
38、 painted backdrops,or staring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take several minutes
39、 to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s
40、,and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today5s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated
41、 to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.u Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry,mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing set of health
42、y and clean,regular 4 pearly whites was a rare sight in Victorian society,the preserve of the superrich(and even then,dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)lacked class:drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gum and grin with a smi
43、le as wide as Lewis CarrolTs gum-exposing Cheshire Cat,but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh,said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be u nothing more damning than a silly,foolish smile fixed forever.英语（一）试题.7.（
44、共15页）公众号：给力考研资料31.According to Paragraph 1,the authors posts on Twitter_.A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social medias role in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public imageD.changed peoples impression of the Victorians32.What does the autho
45、r say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A.They are rare among photographs of that age.B.They show effects of different exposure times.C.They mirror 19th-century social conventions.D.They are in popular use among historians.33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures
46、 in the 1890s?A.Their inherent social sensitiveness.B.Their tension before the camera.C.Their unhealthy dental condition.D.Their distrust of new inventions.34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas_.A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguided attitudeC.a controversial
47、 viewD.a deep-root belief35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?A.Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photographs differently?C.What made photography develop in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photographs become a post
48、-Victorian norm?英语（一）试题.8.（共15页）公众号：给力考研资料Text 4From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals.Thats why there has bee
49、n such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fillin part because of pushback from broadband providers,ant
50、i-regulatory conservatives and the courts.a 让 only prolonged the fight.At issue before the U.S.District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Commission(FCC)on net neutrality,adopted on a The Republican-penned order not only eliminated theA federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,but