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1、绝密启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项少1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指 定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷 条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由 考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须 书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在 草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
2、写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Its not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1
3、,tounderstand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on witho
4、ut paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are 5 How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6 People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7,the number of
5、buses and bus lanes were increased,anddrivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit their targets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more 11 dr
6、ivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive in hittingtargets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tail winds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the tim
7、e a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17.Setting targets can and do
8、es have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or e
9、ven two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.英语（二）试题 1（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料1.A.thereforeB.howeverC.againD.moreover2.A.EmphasizeB.IdentifyC.AssessD.Explain3.A.nearlyB.curiouslyC.eagerlyD.quickly4.A.claimB.proveC.checkD.recall5.A.threat
10、enedB.ignoredC.mockedD.blamed6.A.punctualityB.hospitalityC.competitionD.innovation7.A.YetB.SoC.BesidesD.Still8.A.hiredB.trainedC.rewardedD.grouped9.A.onlyB.ratherC.onceD.also10.A.comfortB.revenueC.efficiencyD.security11.A.friendlyB.quietC.cautiousD.diligent12.A.purposeB.problemC.prejudiceD.policy13.
11、A.reportedB.revealedC.admittedD.noticed14.A.breakB.tripC.departureD.transfer15.A.moralB.backgroundC.styleD.form16.A.interpretB.criticizeC.sacrificeD.tolerate17.A.taskB.secretC.productD.cost18.A.leadingtoB.calling forC.relating toD.accounting for19.A.specifyB.predictC.restoreD.create20.A.modifyB.revi
12、ewC.presentD.achieveSection H Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英语（二）试题.2.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料Text 1Reskilling”is something that sounds like a buzzw
13、ord but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on
14、 average 42 per cent of the u core skills within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with
15、 those whose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader
16、economy though,the focus usually turns to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemploy
17、ment is very high indeed.In February,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May,those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortag
18、es had disappeared,not all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks.But eve
19、n if you cannot close that gap,maybe you can close others,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be the case in Sweden:when forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff,Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retaining program that reskilled the laid-off
20、workers to support hospital staff.The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.英语（二）试题.3.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests_A.an increase in full-time employmentB.an urgent demand for new job skillsC.a steady
21、 growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the core skillsM22.AT&T is cited to show_.A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyB.an immediate need for government supportC.the importance of staff appraisal standardsD.the characteristics of reskilling programs23.Efforts to resolve the skill
22、s mismatch in Canada_A.have driven up labour costsB.have proved to be inconsistentC.have met with fierce oppositionD.have appeared to be insufficient24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was_.A.a call for policy adjustmentB.a change in hiring practicesC.a lack of medical workersD.a sign of eco
23、nomic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to_.A.create job vacancies for the unemployedB.prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsC.retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staffs college education英语（二）试题.4.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料Text 2With the global population p
24、redicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen
25、by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty
26、 and even the nations health.Sounds greatbut how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the Univers让y of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering
27、the whole country in livestock farms wouldnt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensi
28、velymeaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesnt have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of
29、the countrys land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and vegwhich would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homeswe would achieve only a 30 pe
30、r cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs.That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that
31、 provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.英语（二）试题.5.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK wouldA.be hindered by its population growthB.contribute to the nations well-beingC.become a priority of the governmentD.post a challenge to i
32、ts farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UKA.farmland has been inefficiently utilisedB.factory-style production needs reformingC.most land is used for meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricte
33、d due to_.A.its farming technologyB.its dietary traditionC.its natural conditionsD.its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people _A.rely largely on imports for fresh produceB.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC.are seeking effective ways to cut calori
34、e intakeD.are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The authors attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is_A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimistic英语（二）试题.6.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料Text 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015,it picke
35、d up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsofts own Office dominates the market for“productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped after Mic
36、rosoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many acqui-hires that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talent.To Microsofts critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remor
37、seless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path.They bought the seedlings and closed them down,”complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comm
38、ent.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnolds own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?I dont know.The US Fede
39、ral Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a research project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators
40、 wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5 trillion,rifling through such small dealsmany of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrisemight seem beside the point.Between them,the five biggest tech com
41、panies have spent an average of only$3.4 billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five yearsa drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than$130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say the big compani
42、es use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a buy and kill”tactic to simply close them down.英语（二）试题.7.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费分享公众号：给力考研资料31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acqui
43、sitions?A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re-priced.32.Microsofts critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_A.exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unf
44、airlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might_.A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to_.A.limit Big Techs expansionB.encourage research colla
45、borationC.examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-ups operations35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions have _A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD.generated considerable profits英语（二）试题.8.（共15页）公众号：猴 哥考研 免费
46、分享公众号：给力考研资料Text 4Were fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called thin slicing,”the late psychologis
47、t Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with students,end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the c
48、lips,occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady sus
49、pected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whet
50、her they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows were better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.Its as if youre driving a stick shift,says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,and if you start thinking about