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1、英语的被动语态知识汇总1)什么是被动语态英语中的被动语态是相对主动语态而言的,它提供了另一种表达方式,相当于汉 语中的“被”字句。当主语是谓语的执行者时,谓语用主动语态。当主语是谓语的承 受者时,谓语用被动语态。如:例1:We clean the classroom every day.我们每天打扫教室。(主动语态)例2:The classroom is cleaned by us every day.教室每天被我们打扫。(被动语 态)2)各种时态、情态动词的被动语态结构和例句情态动词的被动语态:情态动词(can/ must/ may/ should/ could/ might) + be +
2、过 去分词例:When can my car be repaired?我的汽车什么时候能被修好?一般现在时的被动语态:am/ is/ are +过去分词例:Operations are done by volunteer doctors.手术由志愿者医生们做。一般过去时的被动语态:was/ were +过去分词例:Many old people were helped by them.许多老人被他们帮助了。一般将来时的被动语态:will/ shall be +过去分词例:Study hard, and your effort will be rewarded some day.努力学习吧,你的
3、努 力总有一天会得到回报。现在进行时的被动语态:am/ is/ are + being +过去分词例:A new library is beinH built these days.这些天有一个新的图书馆正在建造中。过去进行时的被动语态:was/ were + being +过去分词例:That man was being operated onat 3:00 p.m. yesterday.昨天下午三点那个男 人正在被做手术。现在完成时的被动语态:have/ has + been +过去分词例:Our bedroom has been Oerned. You dont need to clea
4、n it.我们 的 卧室 已经打 扫过了,你不需要打扫了。过去完成时的被动语态:had + been +过去分词例:By the end of last year, over one million trucks had been produced.至U去年年底, 一共生产了超过一百万辆卡车。将来完成时的被动语态:will/ shall + have + been +过去分词例:My homework will have beer finished by tomorrow.我的作业将会在明天之 前完成。3)被动语态的基本句型(以一般现在时为例)肯定句:主语+ am/ is/ are +过去分词
5、(+ by +动作的执行者)例:The book is written by him.这本书是他写的。否定句:主语+ not + am/ is/ are +过去分词(+ by +动作的执行者)例:The book isnt written by him.这本书不是他写的。一般疑问句:Am/ls/Are +主语+过去分词(+by +动作的执行者)?例:Is the book written by him?这本书是他写的吗?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(不作主语)+ am/is/are +主语+过去分词(+by +动作的执行 者)?特殊疑问词(作主语)+ am/is/are +过去分词(+by +动作的
6、执行者)?例1:Where is the book written?那本书在哪里写的?例 2:What is written by him?他写了什么东西?主动语态与被动语态的转化:1.将主动句的宾语改成被动句的主语。2.将主动句 的谓语动词改为“be +过去分词”。3.将主动句的主语改为“by +宾语”,并放在谓 语动词之后,有时候“by +宾语”可以省略。口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓语变be done,时态不变,数格必须随被变。详见下 面两个句子。例 1:Volunteer doctors do operations on the plane.志愿医生在飞机上做手 术。例 2:Operatio
7、ns are doneby volunteer doctors on the plane.手术由志愿医生 在飞机上实施。4)使用被动语态的情况不知道或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时。例:His eye problem was cured.他的眼疾被治好了。动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时。例:The language is widely used around the world.这门语言在全世界被广泛适用。 需要强调动作的承受者时。例:My bike is repaired.我的自行车被修好了。5)及物动词和不及物动词用于被动语态的用法注意1:只有及物动词才有被动语态,因为及物动词后面可以直接跟
8、宾语。不及 物动词没有被动语态,需要加上介词才能构成被动语态(加上的介词通常和不及物动 词构成固定搭配),在被动语态中介词不能省略,否则句子的意思不完整。例 1:The old should be looked after well.老人应当被妥善照顾。(look after sb. 是固定搭配,它的逻辑宾语是theold,表示“照顾”,after在此处不能省略)例 2:Daniel will be operated on by Dr. Ma.马医生将要给丹尼尔做手术。(operate onsb.是固定搭配,它的逻辑宾语是Daniel,表示“给某人做手术”,on在此处不能 省略)注意2:有些动
9、词既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词(无被动语态)。这 时候它们的意思不同,可以根据动词的意思判断。这类动词常见的有:sell (vi,卖得 怎么样,vt.卖出)、grow (vi.成长,生长,vt.种植)、finish (vi.结束,vt.完 成)等,需要平时进行归纳总结。例 1:The wheat is grown by my grandfather.小麦是我爷爷种的。(此处 grow 是及物动词,意思是“种植”,有被动语态)例2:These apple trees grow quickly.这些苹果树长得很快。(此处grow是不 及物动词,意思是“生长”,无被动语态)例3:What a
10、 pity! The red coat has been sold out!多可惜啊!那件红外套已经卖 掉了!(此处sell是及物动词,意思是“卖出”,有被动语态)例4:The books sell well.这些书很畅销。(此处sell是不及物动词,意思是“卖 得怎么样”,无被动语态)例5:The housework is finished by us.家务活是我们做完的。(此处finish是及 物动词,意思是“完成”,有被动语态)例 6:The meeting finished at 11:00 o,clock.会议H1点结束了。(此处 finish 是不及物动词,意思是“结束”,无被动语
11、态)6)双宾语和使役动词/感官动词的被动语态(此处概念比较抽象,建议直接背诵例句)注意1:主动句中,感官动词(如:hear, see, watch等)或使役动词(如:make 等)跟宾语后再跟省略to的动词不定式,改为被动句后,省略的to要加上。例 1:The teacher made himretell the story.老师让他复述这个故事。例 2:He wasmadeto retellthe story by the teacher.例 3:I heardhim sing in the next room.例 4:He washeardto singin the next room.注
12、意2:含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,分两种情况:将间接宾语变为主 语,直接宾语保持不变。将直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语前须有介词(一般是for 或to,什么时候用for,什么时候用to由动词决定)。例 1:He gave me a book.他给了我一本书。例 2:I was given a book by him.例 3:The book was given to me by him.7)不用被动语态的几种情况 smell, taste, sound, feel等系动词,用主动语态表示被动意义。例1:The dish smells good.这道菜闻起来很香。例2:The music soun
13、ds nice.这音乐听起来不错。 有些动词,如sell, write等,常与well, easily, quickly等程度副词连用,表示 主语的属性特征,用主动语态表示被动意义。例1:The books sell well.这些书很畅销。例2:The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来很顺滑。 表示“开始、结束”类的动词,如start, begin, end, finish等,用主动语态 表示被动意义。例:The meeting begins at 9:00 oclock.会议九点开始。 不及物动词及部分短语,如 happen, take place, spread,
14、appear, die, fail, last, sit, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, belong to, succeed in, suffer from, take part in等,无被动语态。例:The earthquake happened last year.地震去年发生的。 某些固定搭配,如:sth. need/ require doing = sth. need/ require to bedone 某物/事需要被,sb./sth. deserve doing = sb./ sth. deserve to be done 某人/事值得被,.be to blame该受责备。例 1: The tree needs watering every week.树需要被每周浇水。every week.=The tree needs to be watered例 2: He shouldnt be to blameunder the circumstances.在这种情况下,他不应该受到指责。