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1、英语被动语态知识归纳英语被动语态知识归纳 英语被动语态知识归纳 英语 中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本乃至实 际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承 受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。 须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有” 被”的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被 动态往往由“by”引出,而有用介词“by”的短语往往又不是被 动态,而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:known to man(人 类所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot), incarraige(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动,真被动的十几个
2、常 用词的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌 握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及 的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂, 怎样记住各自的被动形式呢?首先要明确”将来进行无被动, 现在完成进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。另外,不及物 动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被 动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们 的复合结构)的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的 疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。下面encoura
3、gesB. encourageC. isencouraged D. are encouraged 角星析: 主语是 all the employees(复数),而不是the manager,排除答案A和C;又因all the employees与encourage是被动关系,要用被动语 态,排除 B,故选 Do 2. A library with five thousand booksto the nation as a gift. A. is offeredB. hasofferedC. are offeredD. have offered 解析:a library是offer的承受者,要用
4、被动语态,排除B和D;又因主语(library)是单数,排除C;故选A。注意:with five thousand books是a library是定语。将语态与虚拟语气结合 起来命题一Don t you think it necessary that he toMiami but to New York? 一 I agree, but the problem is he has refused to. A. will not be sent; thatB. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; whatD. should not send; what
5、解析:因he与send是被动关系,排 除D;又因it (is) necessary后的that从句的谓语要用“(should+) 动词原形”,排除选项A;答句中的表语从句不缺任何句子 成分,用that;故选B。将语态与倒装结合起来命题Only after my friend came. A. did the computer repairedB. be repaired the computerC. was the computer repaired D. the computer was repaired 角牢析: 因 the computer 与 repair 是被动关系,排除A;又因on
6、ly加状语置于句首,要用部分 倒装,排除选项D和B;故选C。将固定短语中的名词作 主语来增加句子理解难度Good care mustbabies,particularly while they are ill. A. takeB.take ofC. be takenD. be takenof解析:由固定短语take good care of(好好照看)是可知, good care与take是被动关系,排除A和B;选项C中又漏 掉了。f;故选D。在语境中将语态与时态结合起来命题1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced g
7、reatly if people to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuadeB. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded 解析:因people与persuade是被动关系,排除A和B。又因 为主语是一般将来时,条件句中用一般现在时,所以选D。2. Hundreds of jobsif the factory closes. A. loseB. will be lostC. are lostD. will lost解析:因lose与jobs是被动关系,排除A和D;又因条件 状语从句是一般现在时,
8、主句中的谓语动词应当是一般将来 时, 故选 Bo 3. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year. A. were washed awayB. is being washed awayC. are washing awayD. are being washed away 解析: 因 good earth(沃土) 与 wash away(冲走)是被动关系,排除C;又因quantities of作主语, 谓语动词用复数,排除B;指近阶段(近些年)正在发生的事,用现在进行时,排除A;故选Do
9、4. The window is dirty.I know. It for weeks A. hasn t cleanedB.didn t clean C. wasn t cleaned D. hasn t been cleaned解析:由is和for weeks可知,要用现在完成时态, 排除B和C;又因It (The window)与clean是被动关系,要 用被动语态,所以选 Do 5. George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to the wedding? 一No, I. Did they have a big wedding?
10、 A. was not invitedB. have not been invited C. hadn t been invitedD. didn t invite解析:因为I与invite是被动关系,又因为 邀请应当发生在结婚之前,got married是过去,invite就该是 过去的过去,所以用过去完成时的被动语态,只有C正确。6. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics by 2006. A. has been completedB. has completed C. w
11、ill have been completedD. will have completed解析:因“by+将来时间”通常与将来 完成时连用,所以由by 2006可排除A和B;又因为work 与complete是被动关系,所以要被动语态,只有C正确。7. Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you mayrun over by a car. A. haveB.getC. becomeD. turn解析:you与run over是被动关系,选项中只有get才可与过 去分词nm构成被动语态,故选B。英语不能用被动语态的 情
12、况归纳不及物动词没有被动语态,如rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie, disappear, last 等。 如: After the fire, nothing remained. 那 场大火之后,什么也没留下来了。误:After the fire, nothing was remained. 不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:take place, break out, belong to 等。如: Great changes have taken place here since 1990.自1990年以来这里发生了巨大的变化. 误:Great change
13、s have been taken place here since 1990. 有 的及物动词也没有被动语态,如cost, leave, enter, reach, suit, have, wish, hold, own, lack, fit, resemble, jump, mind 等。如: She entered the room just now.他刚才进过房间。误:The room was entered by her just now.Tom jumped the queue.汤姆插队。误:The queue was jumped by Tom. 有些及物的 短语动词也没有被动语
14、态,如agree with, arrive at/in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, walk into, belong to等。如:I don? t agree with him.我不同意他的看法。误: He isn, t agreed with by me. 宾语是反身代词、相互代词、 同源宾语、不定式、v-ing形式及抽象名词等,都不能变为被 动句子的主语,如:I taught myself French.我自学法语。误: Myself was taught French. They love each ot
15、her.他们相爱。误:Each other is loved.We live a happy life.我们过着幸福的 生活。误:A happy is lived by us. She likes to swim.她喜欢游 泳。误:To swim is liked by her.英语中什么情况下使用被 动语态我们在平常的英语交流中,尽量使用主动语态,但在下列情 况下,则通常使用使用被动语态:1.不知道动作的执行者是 谁,或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。Letters are collected at eight every morning.
16、 信件每天早晨八 点收取。2 .为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:The desk was made by Master Wang.这张课桌是王师傅做的。The bag was taken away by his sister.那个口袋是她姐姐提走 的。3 .在上下文中,为了使句子间连接紧密时。如:I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father.我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲送给我作为生日礼 物的。4 .在新闻报道中,为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透 露时。如:A car accident
17、 happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今 天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸,三人丧生,伤员马上被 送往了医院,并马上派了警察去处理这一事件。5 .在科技论文中,常使用被动语态来强调客观事实。如: When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. 当天
18、气足 够冷时,水就会变成冰。So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times.至U 目前为止,地球人已经几次拜访了月亮。英语主动形式表示被动语态的情况归纳一、谓语动词用主 动表被动的五种情形(1)某些连系动词(如 look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove 等) 要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被 动语态形式:That dog looks dangerous.那只狗看起来很危 险。Your idea sounds a good one.你的想法听起来很好。My advice
19、 proved to be wrong.我的意见证实是错的。 当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示 主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义: The door won?t shut.这门关不上。The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超市的门是自动关 的。【注】该用法的不及物动词通常与can t, won t等连用, 注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won? t shut.这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性一 一窗户有问题了)The window won?t be shut.这窗户将不
20、用关上。(窗户本身 没问题,只是不用关)有时可能用主动和被动形式均可,只是强调重点稍有不同: Suddenly the door opened.突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者) The door was suddenly opened.门突然被打开了。(强调动作 执行者)(3)当 read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动 词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意 义:The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。The book sells quickly.这书销售得快。This cheese doesn? t
21、cut easily. It? s too soft.这乳酪不容易切, 太软了。This shirt will wear very long.这衬衫可以穿很久。【注】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用, 并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不 过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态,只是含义稍有不同(用 主动形式表示主语的属性,用被动形式表示动作执行者所执 行的动作):The sentences read clearly.这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义)The sentences are read clearly.这些句子被读得很
22、清楚。(指读 的人读得好)另外,以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态:The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。Is the book selling well?这书销售情况如何?(4)某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等), 当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时,可用主动形式表示 被动意义:When does the concert begin?音乐会什么时候开始?The play ended at ten o clock.戏 10 点钟结束。(5)有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被 动含义:Where is the
23、 new film showing?这部新电影在哪里放映? My skirt caught on a nail.我的裙子被钉子钩住了。Soon the house filled with people.很快房子就挤满 了 人。二、非谓语动词用主动表被动的八种情形(1)不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动形式表 示被动意义:Who is to blame?该怪谁呢?The house is to let.此屋出租。(2)某些“be+形容词+t。do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动 形式表示被动意义:The question is difficult to answer.这问
24、题很难回答。Your writing is impossible to read.你 的书写没法认。Do you think the water is safe to drink?你认为这水喝起来安 全吗?【注】这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑 宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用 主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等
25、。 有时形容词后跟有名词,在名词后用作定语的不定式用 主动形式表示被动意义:It, s a difficult book to read.那是一本难读的书。It is a pleasant thing to remember.这是一件值得记住的愉快 的事。 有少数用于类似结构的形容词(如fit, ready, free等),其中 的不定式用主动式和被动式均可:The water is not fit to drink to be drunk.这水不适合饮用。 The letters are ready to post to be posted.这信已准备好可以 寄了。(3)不定式用于某些动词(
26、如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主 语,则要用主动形式表示被动意义:I have some letters to write.我有一些信要写。I want something to drink.我想喝点什么。I want to get something to read.我想找点东西阅读。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动 式,比较:I have something to type.我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)I have something to be typed.我有些东西要打(字
27、)。(指请人打 字)(4)不定式用于某些双宾动词(如give, show, buy, lend, get等) 的直接宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是直接宾 语前的间接宾语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:Give me some magazines to read. 给我几本杂志看。He lent me some magazines to read.他借给我一些杂志看。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是直接宾语前的间接宾语, 则应用被动式,比较:He will show you the path to take.他将告诉你走什么道路。He will show you the room to b
28、e used as the meeting-room. 他 将带你去看看用作会议室的房间。但有时两者区别不大:Give me a list of the people to invite to be invited. 把需要邀 口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以 口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示。被 动语态(一般现在时)主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态 句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语 成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。被动语态的口诀一般 现、过用be+PP (过去分词),be有人称、时、数变。完成 时态have(has) done,被
29、动将been加中间。一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done。将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing,现在完成进行同,have (has) been doing 现、过 进行be doing,被动be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安 排,一律随新主语变。否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。一般情助加be done, 双宾多将间宾变。复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。第 二句”be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的 变化。情助是指情态动词和助动词must, may, can, shall, wi
30、n等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。”疑问一 助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词 之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。 一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变 例:1、主动: The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 被动: The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。2、主动:People regard him as请的人员名单给我。(5)不定式用于修饰“there be
31、+名词”中的名词时,可用主动 式,也可用被动式,有时含义差不多:There is too much work to do to be done.要做的工作太多 了。但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了 for sb,用被动式可视为其后省略了 by sb):There is nothing to do.无事可做。(含有无聊之意)There is nothing to be done.不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)There is nothing to see.没什么可看的。(即不值一看)There is nothing to be seen.没看见什么。(指没东西看)(6)涉及副词e
32、nough和too的主动表被动。在tooto do sth 和enough to do sth这两个结构中,若句子主语与其后不定 式为to do sth被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被 动意义(但也可直接用被动式):The writing is too faint to read to be read.这笔迹太模糊,看 不清。These boxes are not strong enough to use to be used as a platform.这些箱子不够牢,不能用作站台。但在某些特别强调被动意义的语境中,可能用被动式更恰 当:He spoke in a voice too
33、 low to be heard.他说话的声音太低,听不见。He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太 年轻,不能送到美国去深造。be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动:In all, the book is worth reading.总之,这本书值得一读。This might be worth thinking about.这可能值得考虑。【注】与worth相似的worthy却不一样,其后不接动名词而 接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词。f),且要用被动式表 示被动含义:This book is worthy
34、to be read of being read.这本书值得一 读。(8)在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动 名词用主动形式表被动意义:The plants want watering every day.这些花草得天天浇水。This wall requires repairing.这面墙需要修理了。【注】以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表 示被动意义:This sentence needs explaining to be explained. 这个句子需 要解释。它们后接名词时也可表示被动意义:It needs no explanation.它无
35、需解释。This plan requires careful consideration.这项计划需要仔细考 虑。三、介词短语用主动表被动的六种情形(1) “ bey ond+名词”:The rumor is beyond belief.这谣言难以置信。The children were beyond control.这些孩子不听管教。【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都 具有动作意义,类似的结构还有beyond compare(无可比拟), beyond description(难以形容),beyond (all) doubt(毫无疑问), beyond expression
36、(无法形容),beyond suspicion(无可怀疑), 等。(2) “in+名词”短语:When was paper money in use in China?中国什么时候开始使 用纸币?Please do not enter the classroom while a lesson is in progress. 上课时请勿进教室。【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都 具有动作意义,类似的结构还有in action(在运转),in sight(看 得见),in (good) repair(维修良好的),in store(贮藏着)等。(3) “in course of+
37、名词”短语:The new railway is in course of construction. 新铁路正在兴建 当中。The goods ordered are now in course of shipment. 定的货正在 运输途中。【注】有些类似的短语有the表被动,无the表主动:in charge of 负责in the charge of由负责in possession of 拥有in thepossession of 被,拥有(4) “on+名词”短语:The building is on fire.那幢房子正在燃烧。Every article on view will
38、be on sale.每件展品者B将出售。【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词,且该名词一般都 具有动作意义,类似的结构还有on trial(在试用),ondisplay(在展出),on show(在展出),on exhibition(在展出)等。(5) “under+名词”短语:The new music hall is under construction. 新的音乐大厅正在 修建中。Your proposal is under consideration.你的提议正在考虑中。【注】这类短语的名词前不用冠词,类似的还有underarrest(被逮捕),under attack(受至U袭击)
39、,under discussion(在 讨论中),under examination在检查或调查中),under medical treatment(在治疗中),under repair(在修缮 中),under review(在 检查中),under study(在研究中)。(6)其他介词短语。除以上提到的几种情况外,还有一些介 词短语也可表示被动意义,如for sale(供出售),for rent(供出 租),at one?s service(听凭某人使用),above reproach(无可指 责,无可非议),above suspicion(不受怀疑),above criticism(无
40、 可指责),within sight(看得见)等。英语不用被动语态几种的情形1.谓语为连系动词时,不用 被动语态。如:He looked fine.他气色好。The food tastes delicious.这食物味道很好。2.谓语为不及物动词(短语)时, 不用被动语态。如:The war broke out in the end.战争终于爆 发了。I happened to meet him there.我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。 3.宾语为不定式、动词的-ing形式或从句,表示主语的一些 想法、爱好或愿望时,一般不用被动语态。如:He decided to go with us.他决定跟我们
41、一起去。I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。4.宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语 等时,一般不用被动语态。如:We should help each other.我 们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life here.我们在这儿过着 幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too much.他对自己想得太 多。5.宾语是处所、地点时,一般不用被动语态。如:We will reach the station in two hours.我们再过两个小时就会到站 了 o He has gone to London now.他去伦敦了。6
42、.谓语部分(动 词与宾语)是一个不可分割的动词短语时,一般不用被动语 态。如:The ship set sail this morning.这艘轮船今天早晨起 航了。He saw the doctor yesterday evening.他昨天晚上看了 医生。主动语态变被动语态的方法1 .基本方法将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被 动谓语(be+过去分词),将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被 动句中用作状语):He stole our money.Our money was stolen by him.【注】(1)若不强调动词执行者,被动语态中的by短语通常 可以省略:The
43、 house was built in 1978.这座房子是 1978 年建的。(2)在转变语态时,要注意保持两种语态时态的一致性:The students will study the problem.The problem will be studied by the students.A friend of ours is repairing the roof.f The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.2 .双宾动词的被动语态双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词,它们在变为被动语态时,有 以下两种情形值得注意:(1)有些双宾动词(如 awar
44、d, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时,既可把间接宾语(指人) 变为被动语态的主语,而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为 保留宾语),也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语, 而把间接宾语改为介词to或for引起的状语(到底用to还是 for,与所搭配的动词有关)。比较:He gave her some money.他给她一些钱。一 She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.He bought her a watch.他给她买
45、了 一快表。f A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.2 2) 有些双宾动词(如 bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语,而将间 接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for):Father made me a doll, f A doll was made for me.He wrote her a letter, f A letter was written to her.(3)有些双宾动词(如 answer, deny
46、, envy, refuse, save, spare 等) 通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语,而将直接宾语用 作保留宾语:He answered me that question. 一 I was answered that question by him.3 .含有情态动词的被动形式若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词,在相应的被动语态中通常 应保留该情态动词,其结构为“情态动词+be(或be的适当时 态形式)+过去分词”:Everyone must know this, f This must be known by everyone.请看以下带情态动词被动句实例:This cant be
47、 done in a short time.这不是短期内可以完成的。She may have been sent to work elsewhere,她可能被派到别处 工作去了。The door must have been locked by my wife.门一定是我妻子 锁的。The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善。The second point needn? t be discussed today.第二点今天不必 讨论。brilliant.被动:He is regarded as brilliant by people.人们认为 他很有
48、才华。以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子,be 有人称、时、数变,第三人称foreign friends是复数,时态一 般过去时,所以be done就是 were given,而People regard him as brilliant 一句,被动后的be done就变成单数第三人称is regarded 的形式 了。 被动: This speech was delivered by comrade Wang, (was delivered即一般过去时的被动态)这篇 讲演是王的发言。There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured. 边境 发生严重列车事故,两人死亡,十二人受伤。A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.直言不讳的